| 1. |
- Bar-el, L., et al.
(författare)
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(Im)perfectivity and actionality in East Ruvu Bantu
- 2021
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Ingår i: Language Typology and Universals. - : Walter de Gruyter GmbH. - 1867-8319 .- 2196-7148. ; 74:3-4, s. 533-559
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Temporal/aspectual morphology often serves as a diagnostic for actional classes. Bantu languages are known for their highly developed tense, aspect (and mood) systems. The East Ruvu Bantu languages of Tanzania are unusual in that they exhibit a decidedly reduced set of temporal/aspectual morphemes. This paper contributes to the growing body of research on Bantu actionality in showing that despite not being encoded overtly, perfective distinguishes between at least two actional classes. We suggest, however, that imperfective, morphologically encoded by present and non-past tense morphology, does not clearly delineate between the two verb classes. This discussion highlights the complex interaction between tense and aspect.
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| 2. |
- Bergqvist, Henrik, 1972-
(författare)
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Epistemic marking and multiple perspective : An introduction
- 2015
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Ingår i: Language Typology and Universals. - : Walter de Gruyter GmbH. - 1867-8319 .- 2196-7148. ; 68:2, s. 123-141
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Tidskriftsartikel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This paper discusses forms of epistemic marking that instantiate multiple perspective constructions (see Evans 2005). Such forms express the speaker’s and the addressee’s simultaneous epistemic perspectives from the point of view of the speaker, crucially relying on the assumptions of the speaker with regard to the addressee’s knowledge. The analysis of forms considers established semanto-pragmatic concepts, such as semantic scope, mitigation strategies and communicative intention (as marked by sentence-type) in the exploration of forms. In addition, the notion of knowledge asymmetry is discussed alongside the concepts of epistemic status and stance as tools for a semantic analysis of investigated forms
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| 3. |
- Bergqvist, Henrik, 1972, et al.
(författare)
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The role of pragmatics in the definition of evidentiality
- 2023
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Ingår i: Stuf-Language Typology and Universals. - 1867-8319 .- 2196-7148. ; 76:1, s. 1-30
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper argues that a definition of evidentiality as a linguistic notion should be based on the pragmatic properties of evidential forms and their distribution in spoken discourse. The prevailing definition of evidentiality as signaling "information source" is based on the idea that evidentials encode a solitary speaker's perception and cognitive processes, but this definition does not fit well with observations regarding the use and distribution of evidentials. A definition of evidentiality in terms of "information source" has largely disregarded evidentials in-use, which is especially true for typologically oriented studies of evidentiality. Recent descriptions of evidentials and evidential systems have shown that evidentials encode meanings related to ownership of knowledge, rather than information source and it is evident from such descriptions that social and interactional parameters are encoded in evidential forms. The attested semantic and pragmatic complexity of evidential systems constitutes an analytical challenge that the present paper aims to address.
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| 4. |
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| 5. |
- Etebari, Zahra, et al.
(författare)
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Development of contrastive-partitive in colloquial Persian A grammaticalization from possessive =eš
- 2020
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Ingår i: Language Typology and Universals. - : Walter de Gruyter GmbH. - 1867-8319 .- 2196-7148. ; 73:4, s. 575-604
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This article discusses the development of the contrastive-partitive function of the possessive =eš in colloquial Persian. Examples of colloquial Persian show that the third person singular clitic pronoun =eš in some adnominal possessive constructions does not refer to any obvious referent present either in the syntactic structure (co-text) or in the situational context. Instead, the function of =eš, namely contrastive-partitive, is to mark the host as a part and contrast it with other parts of the similar set. The same function is attested in a few languages of Uralic and Turkic group. We believe that the same development has been occurred in possessive =eš in Persian. To describe the process of the development of the contrastive-partitive function, authentic colloquial examples from Internet blogs and formal examples from a historical corpus of New Persian are investigated. It is argued that this non-possessive function of =eš has originated from the whole-part relation in cross-referencing possessives, where both the lexical and clitical possessor =eš are present. The presence of the lexical possessor facilitates the loss of referentiality in =eš and it is developed to denote partitivity. Furthermore, the pragmatic motivation of communicating contrast makes =eš to be further grammaticalized into denoting contrastive-partitive function.
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| 6. |
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| 7. |
- Her, One-Soon, et al.
(författare)
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Word order of numeral classifiers and numeral bases Harmonization by multiplication
- 2019
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Ingår i: Language Typology and Universals. - : Walter de Gruyter GmbH. - 1867-8319 .- 2196-7148. ; 72:3, s. 421-452
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In a numeral classifier language, a sortal classifier (C) or a mensural classifier (M) is needed when a noun is quantified by a numeral (Num). Num and C/M are adjacent cross-linguistically, either in a [Num C/M] order or [C/M Num]. Likewise, in a complex numeral with a multiplicative composition, the base may follow the multiplier as in [n x base], e.g., san-bai `three hundred' in Mandarin. However, the base may also precede the multiplier in some languages, thus [base x n]. Interestingly, base and C/M seem to harmonize in word order, i.e., [n x base] numerals appear with a [Num C/M] alignment, and [base x n] numerals, with [C/M Num]. This paper follows up on the explanation of the base-C/M harmonization based on the multiplicative theory of classifiers and verifies it empirically within six language groups in the world's foremost hotbed of classifier languages: Sinitic, Miao-Yao, Austro-Asiatic, Tai-Kadai, Tibeto-Burman, and Indo-Aryan. Our survey further reveals two interesting facts: base-initial ([base x n]) and C/M-initial ([C/M Num]) orders exist only in Tibeto-Burman (TB) within our dataset. Moreover, the few scarce violations to the base-C/M harmonization are also all in TB and are mostly languages having maintained their original base-initial numerals but borrowed from their base-final and C/M-final neighbors. We thus offer an explanation based on Proto-TB's base-initial numerals and language contact with neighboring base-final, C/M-final languages.
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| 8. |
- Nintemann, Julia, et al.
(författare)
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Towards a typology of spatial deictic expressions A conflation of interrogative and declarative spatial morphology
- 2019
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Ingår i: Language Typology and Universals. - : Walter de Gruyter GmbH. - 1867-8319 .- 2196-7148. ; 72:3, s. 335-371
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In response to the typology of spatial interrogatives (Stolz et al. 2017b), the morphologically corresponding spatial deictic declaratives pursuant to the three basic relations PLACE - GOAL - SOURCE are brought into focus for a comparison of both related paradigms. A canonical model (Corbett 2005) is applied to assess paradigms of spatial deictic forms. Logical outcomes considering all possible distributions of (a)syncretic patterns are discussed. To prepare our data for statistical evaluations, both parallels and differences between the two related paradigms are surveyed. Our corpus data is presented to outline what a typology of spatial deictic paradigms should encompass.
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| 9. |
- Vafaeian, Ghazaleh, 1982-
(författare)
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Typology of nominal and adjectival suppletion
- 2013
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Ingår i: Sprachtypologie und Universalienforschung. - : Walter de Gruyter GmbH. - 0942-2919. ; 66:2, s. 112-140
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This article presents a sample-based typological account of suppletion in nouns and adjectives. The distribution of the grammatical categories involved in the suppletive forms is presented along with the lexical meanings most commonly found to be suppletive. It is demonstrated that nominal suppletion is not a rare phenomenon and most commonly involves the feature number followed by possession. The noun ‘child’ is the most common suppletive noun. In general, nouns referring to humans are more likely to be suppletive than others. The investigation shows that adjectival suppletion is less common than nominal suppletion and affects frequent adjectives with general meanings of the types value and size.
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| 10. |
- Bruce, Gösta, et al.
(författare)
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The phonetic profile of Swedish
- 2006
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Ingår i: Sprachtypologie und Universalienforschung. - : Walter de Gruyter GmbH. - 0942-2919. ; 59:1, s. 12-35
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This chapter is “typological” in two senses: Whereas the first section considers some of the sounds and sound patterns of Swedish from a universal-typological point of view, the second section discusses the considerable phonetic variability observed across the various dialects of the language. It is argued that, with some exceptions, Swedish is typologically fairly mainstream. Exceptions concern particularly the inventory of non-back rounded vowels, voiceless fricatives and partly prosody. The Swedish dialects are found to contain several distinct consonant and vowel types that are not encountered in Standard varieties. It is also found that the intonational structure of the Swedish dialects is fairly complex and diversified. The third section concludes the chapter with some informal observations of possible sound changes in progress.
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