| 1. |
- Azeem, Muhammad, et al.
(författare)
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Chemodiversity and biodiversity of fungi associated with the pine weevil Hylobius abietis
- 2015
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Ingår i: Fungal Biology. - : Elsevier BV. - 1878-6146 .- 1878-6162. ; 119:8, s. 738-46
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The pine weevil Hylobius abietis is a severe pest of conifer seedlings in reforestation areas. Weevils lay eggs in the root bark or in the soil near roots of recently dead trees and cover the eggs with frass (feces combined with chewed bark), possibly to avoid conspecific egg predation. The aim of the present investigation focused on isolation, identification, and volatile production of fungi from pine-weevil feces and frass. Fungi were isolated from weevil frass and feces separately, followed by identification based on ITS sequencing. Fifty-nine isolates belonging to the genera Penicillium, Ophiostoma, Mucor, Leptographium, Eucasphaeria, Rhizosphaera, Debaryomyces, and Candida were identified. Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) produced by the fungal community and fungal isolates cultured on weevil-frass broth were identified by SPME-GCMS. Major VOCs emitted from the fungal community and pure isolates were species- and strain specific and included isopentylalcohol, styrene, 3-octanone, 6-protoilludene, methyl salicylate, 3-methylanisole, 2-methoxyphenol, and phenol. Some of these are known to influence the orientation of pine weevils when tested among highly attractive newly planted conifer seedlings.
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| 2. |
- Carlsson, Fredrik, 1974-, et al.
(författare)
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Increased heat resistance in mycelia from wood fungi prevalent in forests characterized by fire : a possible adaptation to forest fire.
- 2012
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Ingår i: Fungal Biology. - : Elsevier BV. - 1878-6146 .- 1878-6162. ; 116:10, s. 1025-1031
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- AbstractForest fire has for a long time been the major stand replacing/modifying disturbance in boreal forests. For organisms to adopt to this phenomenon different strategies for protective measurements has evolved. This study focuses on the organism group of wood fungi, and one of several possibilities for adaptation to forest fire - increased heat resistance in the mycelia. 16 species of wood fungi where selected and sorted a priori according to their prevalence for fire affected substrate. These were isolated and re-inoculated on pine wood before testing. Experiments where done in a series where the mycelia was exposed to 100, 140, 180, 220°C for 5, 10, 15, 20, 15 min. A very clear difference was found, the group containing species with a prevalence for a fire affected substrate had a much higher survival rate over all combinations of time and temperature compared to species with a more general ecology. This data suggests that increased heat resistance in mycelia could be a possible adaptation to forest fire. This in turn has major impacts on the ecology and population dynamics of wood fungi. An increase in temperature could shift the population structure in a log, allowing minor non fruiting mycelia content to expand on the expense of earlier dominant colonizers. Furthermore this study has implications on how to control prescribed restoration burning events. When burning areas where the dead wood content is dominated by early decay stages, loss of species can be avoided by proper management.
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| 3. |
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| 4. |
- Corcoran, Padraic, et al.
(författare)
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Quantifying functional heterothallism in the pseudohomothallic ascomycete Neurospora tetrasperma
- 2012
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Ingår i: Fungal Biology. - : Elsevier BV. - 1878-6146 .- 1878-6162. ; 116:9, s. 962-975
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Neurospora tetrasperma is a pseudohomothallic filamentous ascomycete that has evolved from heterothallic ancestors. Throughout its life cycle, it is predominantly heterokaryotic for mating type, and thereby self-fertile. However, studies of N. tetrasperma have revealed the occasional production of self-sterile asexual and sexual spores of a single-mating type, indicating that it can be functionally heterothallic. Here, we report the extensive sampling and isolation of natural, heterokaryotic, strains of N. tetrasperma from the United Kingdom (UK): 99 strains were collected from Surrey, England, and four from Edinburgh, Scotland. We verified by phylogenetic analyses that these strains belong to N. tetrasperma. We isolated cultures from single germinated asexual spores (conidia) from 17 of these newly sampled UK strains from Surrey, and 16 previously sampled strains of N. tetrasperma from New Zealand (NZ). Our results show that the N. tetrasperrna strains from the UK population produced a significantly greater proportion of self-sterile, homokaryotic conidia than the NZ population: the proportion of homokaryotic conidia was 42.6 % (133/312 spores) and 15.3 % (59/386) from the UK and the NZ populations, respectively. Although homokaryons recovered from several strains show a bias for one of the mating types, the total ratio of mat A to mat a mating type in homokaryons (UK: 72/61, NZ 28/31) did not deviate significantly from the expected 1:1 ratio for either of these populations. These results indicate that different populations exhibit differences in their life cycle characteristics, and that a higher degree of outcrossing might be expected from the UK population. This study points to the importance of studying multiple strains and populations when investigating life history traits of an organism with a complex life cycle, as previously undetected differences between populations may be revealed.
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| 5. |
- Grenville-Briggs, Laura J., et al.
(författare)
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A family of small tyrosine rich proteins is essential for oogonial and oospore cell wall development of the mycoparasitic oomycete Pythium oligandrum
- 2013
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Ingår i: Fungal Biology. - : Elsevier BV. - 1878-6146 .- 1878-6162. ; 117:3, s. 163-172
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The mycoparasitic oomycete Pythium oligandrum is homothallic, producing an abundance of thick-walled spiny oospores in culture. After mining a cDNA sequence dataset, we identified a family of genes that code for small tyrosine rich (Pythium oligandrum small tyrosine rich (PoStr)) proteins. Sequence analysis identified similarity between the PoStr proteins and putative glycine-rich cell wall proteins from the related plant pathogenic oomycete Pythium ultimum, and mating-induced genes from the oomycete Phytophthora infestans. Expression analysis showed that PoStr transcripts accumulate during oospore production in culture and immunolocalisation indicates the presence of these proteins in oogonial and oospore cell walls. PoStr protein abundance correlated positively with production of oogonia as determined by antibiotic-mediated oogonia suppression. To further characterise the role of PoStr proteins in P. oligandrum oospore production, we silenced this gene family using homology-dependent gene silencing. This represents the first characterisation of genes using gene silencing in a Pythium species. Oospores from silenced strains displayed major ultrastructural changes and were sensitive to degradative enzyme treatment. Oogonia of silenced strains either appeared to be arrested at the mature oosphere stage of development or in around 40 % of the structures, showed a complete suppression of oospore formation. Suppressed oogonia were highly vacuolated and the oogonium wall was thickened by a new inner wall layer. Our data suggest PoStr proteins are probably integral structural components of the normal oospore cell wall and play a key role in oospore formation.
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| 6. |
- Kosawang, Chatchai, et al.
(författare)
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Zearalenone detoxification by zearalenone hydrolase is important for the antagonistic ability of Clonostachys rosea against mycotoxigenic Fusarium graminearum
- 2014
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Ingår i: Fungal Biology. - : Elsevier BV. - 1878-6146 .- 1878-6162. ; 118:4, s. 364-373
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The fungus Clonostachys rosea is antagonistic against plant pathogens, including Fusarium grarninearum, which produces the oestrogenic mycotoxin zearalenone (ZEA). ZEA inhibits other fungi, and C. rosea can detoxify ZEA through the enzyme zearalenone lactonohydrolase (ZHD101). As the relevance of ZEA detoxification for biocontrol is unknown, we studied regulation and function of ZHD101 in C. rosea. Quantitative reverse-transcription PCR revealed zhd101 gene expression in all conditions studied and demonstrated dose-dependent induction by ZEA. Known inducers of the Polyketide Synthase pathway did not induce zhd101 expression, suggesting specificity of the enzyme towards ZEA. To assess the role of ZHD101 during biocontrol interactions, we generated two Delta zhd101 mutants incapable of ZEA-detoxification and confirmed their defect in degrading ZEA by HPLC. The Delta zhd101 mutants displayed a lower in vitro ability to inhibit growth of the ZEA-producing F. graminearum (strain 1104-14) compared to the wild type. In contrast, all three C. rosea strains equally inhibited growth of the F. graminearum mutant (Delta PKS4), which is impaired in ZEA-production. Furthermore, the Delta zhd101 mutants failed to protect wheat seedlings against foot rot caused by the ZEA-producing F. graminearum. These data show that ZEA detoxification by ZHD101 is important for the biocontrol ability of C. rosea against F. graminearum.
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| 7. |
- Menkis, Audrius, et al.
(författare)
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Archaeorhizomyces borealis sp nov and a sequence-based classification of related soil fungal species
- 2014
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Ingår i: Fungal Biology. - : Elsevier BV. - 1878-6146 .- 1878-6162. ; 118:12, s. 943-955
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The class Archaeorhizomycetes (Taphrinomycotina, Ascomycota) was introduced to accommodate an ancient lineage of soil-inhabiting fungi found in association with plant roots. Based on environmental sequencing data Archaeorhizomycetes may comprise a significant proportion of the total fungal community in soils. Yet the only species described and cultivated in this class is Archaeorhizomyces finlayi. In this paper, we describe a second species from a pure culture, Archaeorhizomyces borealis NS99-600(T) (=CBS138755(ExT)) based on morphological, physiological, and multi-locus molecular characterization. Archaeorhizomyces borealis was isolated from a root tip of a Pinus sylvestris seedling grown in a forest nursery in Lithuania. Analysis of Archaeorhizomycete species from environmental samples shows that it has a Eurasian distribution and is the most commonly observed species. Archaeorhizomyces borealis shows slow growth in culture and forms yellowish creamy colonies, characteristics that distinguish A. borealis from its closest relative A. finlayi. Here we also propose a sequence-based taxonomic classification of Archaeorhizomycetes and predict that approximately 500 species in this class remain to be isolated and described.
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| 8. |
- Mgbeahuruike, Anthony C., et al.
(författare)
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CYPome of the conifer pathogen Heterobasidion irregulare : Inventory, phylogeny, and transcriptional analysis of the response to biocontrol
- 2017
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Ingår i: Fungal Biology. - : Elsevier BV. - 1878-6146 .- 1878-6162. ; 121:2, s. 158-171
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The molecular mechanisms underlying the interaction of the pathogen, Heterobasidion annosum s.l., the conifer tree and the biocontrol fungus, Phlebiopsis gigantea have not been fully elucidated. Members of the cytochrome P450 (CYP) protein family may contribute to the detoxification of components of chemical defence of conifer trees by H. annosum during infection. Additionally, they may also be involved in the interaction between H. annosum and P. gigantea. A genome-wide analysis of CYPs in Heterobasidion irregulare was carried out alongside gene expression studies. According to the Standardized CYP Nomenclature criteria, the H. irregulare genome has 121 CYP genes and 17 CYP pseudogenes classified into 11 clans, 35 families, and 64 subfamilies. Tandem CYP arrays originating from gene duplications and belonging to the same family and subfamily were found. Phylogenetic analysis showed that all the families of H. irregulare CYPs were monophyletic groups except for the family CYP5144. Microarray analysis revealed the transcriptional pattern for 130 transcripts of CYP-encoding genes during growth on culture filtrate produced by P. gigantea. The high level of P450 gene diversity identified in this study could result from extensive gene duplications presumably caused by the high metabolic demands of H. irregulare in its ecological niches.
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| 9. |
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| 10. |
- Moreau, Pierre-Arthur, et al.
(författare)
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Hidden diversity uncovered in Hygrophorus sect. Aurei (Hygrophoraceae), including the Mediterranean H. meridionalis and the North American H. boyeri, spp. nov.
- 2018
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Ingår i: Fungal Biology. - : Elsevier BV. - 1878-6146 .- 1878-6162. ; 122:8, s. 817-836
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- For many years, the binomial Hygrophorus hypothejus was widely applied to collections from various geographical regions in different continents, assuming a circum-boreal and circum-mediterranean dis- tribution for this species. This hypothesis, however, had never been put to the test. To assess the diversity and species-limits within this complex of yellow-coloured waxcaps, a phylogenetic, morphological and taxonomical investigation into Hygrophorus sect. Aurei and similar species in sect. Olivaceoumbrini was carried out, including material of pan-European origin, as well as the east and west coasts of North America. Following sequencing of the ITS rDNA locus, nine lineages are confirmed in sect. Aurei, most of them highly continentalised. Of these, two are new to science, introduced here as Hygrophorus boyeri sp. nov., from Pinus banksiana and P. rigida forests in eastern North America and from P. muricata and P. contorta forests in western North America, and Hygrophorus meridionalis sp. nov., from Pinus brutia and Pinus halepensis forests in the island of Cyprus and mainland Greece. H. hypothejus is lectotypified and epitypified, and here resolved as a strictly European species, with the old forgotten taxon Hygrophorus siccipes revived as its North American vicariant. The placement of Hygrophorus fuligineus in sect. Aurei is phylogenetically confirmed and detailed comparisons between morphologically similar and phyloge- netically affiliated taxa in sect. Aurei and sect. Olivaceoumbrini are provided. The chronic confusion associated with Hygrophorus fuscoalbus, a highly controversial taxon described from Germany nearly two centuries ago and variously interpreted since, is discussed, concluding that this name is too ambiguous to be applied to any currently recognized species.
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