| 1. |
- Deeb, H., et al.
(författare)
-
Mapping Details to Elicit Information and Cues to Deceit: The Effects of Map Richness
- 2022
-
Ingår i: European Journal of Psychology Applied to Legal Context. - : Colegio Oficial de Psicologos de Madrid. - 1889-1861 .- 1989-4007. ; 14:1, s. 11-20
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background: Investigators often use maps in forensic interviews to verify a route that was taken by a suspect to obtain additional information, and to assess credibility. Method: We examined the effects of the level of map richness on the elicitation of information and cues to deceit. A total of 112 participants completed a mock secret mission and were asked to tell the truth (to a friendly agent) or to lie (to a hostile agent) about it in an interview. In phase 1 of the interview, all participants provided a verbal free recall of the mission. In phase 2, half of the participants were given a detailed map that included all street names and landmarks of the city where they completed the mission (zoomed in to 80%), and the other half were given a less detailed map that included the names of only major streets and landmarks (zoomed in to 60%). All participants were asked to verbally describe the mission and the route taken while sketching on the map. Results: Compared to lie tellers, truth tellers provided more location, action, temporal, and object details and complications in phase 1, and new person, location, action, and object details and complications in phase 2. Map richness did not have an effect on the amount of information elicited and had an equal effect on truth tellers and lie tellers. Conclusions: This initial experiment in this research area suggests that investigators do not have to worry about the exact level of map detailedness when introducing maps in interviews.
|
|
| 2. |
- Vrij, A., et al.
(författare)
-
Plausibility: A Verbal Cue to Veracity worth Examining?
- 2021
-
Ingår i: European Journal of Psychology Applied to Legal Context. - : Colegio Oficial de Psicologos de Madrid. - 1889-1861 .- 1989-4007. ; 13:2, s. 47-53
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Truth tellers sound more plausible than lie tellers. Plausibility ratings do not require much time or cognitive resources, but a disadvantage is that it is measured subjectively on Likert scales. The aim of the current paper was to understand if plausibility can be predicted by three other verbal veracity cues that can be measured objectively by counting their frequency of occurrence: details, complications, and verifiable sources. If these objective cues could predict plausibility, observers could be instructed to pay attention to them when judging plausibility, which would make plausibility ratings somewhat more objective. We therefore re-analysed five existing datasets; all of them included plausibility, details and complications and two of them also verifiable sources as dependent variables. Plausibility was positively correlated with all three other tested cues, but mostly predicted by complications and verifiable sources, explaining on average almost 40% of the variance. Plausibility showed larger effect sizes in distinguishing truth tellers from lie tellers than the three other cues, perhaps because the plausibility cue consists of multiple components (complications and verifiable sources). Research has shown that the cues that showed the strongest relationship with veracity typically consisted of multiple components.
|
|
| 3. |
- Hagsand, Angelica, 1985, et al.
(författare)
-
Do Sober Eyewitnesses Outperform Alcohol Intoxicated Eyewitnesses in a Lineup?
- 2013
-
Ingår i: European Journal of Psychology Applied to Legal Context. - 1889-1861. ; 5:1, s. 23-47
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Although alcohol intoxicated eyewitnesses are common, there are only a few studies in the area. The aim of the current study is to investigate how different doses of alcohol affect eyewitness lineup identification performance. The participants (N = 123) were randomly assigned to a 3 [Beverage: control (0.0 g/kg ethanol) vs. lower (0.4 g/kg ethanol) vs. higher alcohol dose (0.7 g(kg ethanol)] X 2 (Lineup: target-present vs. target-absent) between-subject design. Participants consumed two glasses of beverage at an even pace for 15 minutes. Five minutes after consumption the participants witnessed a film depicting a staged kidnapping. Seven days later, the participants returned to the laboratory and were asked to identify the culprit in a simultaneous lineup. The result showed that overall, the participants performed better than chance; however, their lineup performance was poor. There were no significant effects of alcohol intoxication with respect to performance, neither in target-present nor target-absent lineups. The study's results suggest that eyewitnesses who have consumed a lower (0.4 g/kg ethanol) or a higher (0.7 g/kg ethanol) dose of alcohol perform at the same level as sober eyewitnesses in a lineup. The results are discussed in relation to the alcohol myopia theory and suggestions for future research are made.
|
|
| 4. |
- Hagsand, Angelica, 1985, et al.
(författare)
-
Police survey: Procedures and prevalence of intoxicated witnesses and victims in Sweden.
- 2022
-
Ingår i: The European Journal of Psychology Applied to Legal Context. - 1889-1861 .- 1989-4007. ; 14:1, s. 11-21
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background: Despite the common occurrence of alcohol-related crimes, the Swedish police authority currently lacks national guidelines for dealing with intoxicated victims/witnesses. Method: A survey was designed to explore the police procedures when encountering intoxicated individuals and to compare the findings with international statistics. To facilitate international comparison, the survey was modeled after previous research and adapted to a Swedish context. A solicitation containing a link to the survey was emailed to all police regions in Sweden. Results: Police officers (N = 133) indicated that it was common to interact with intoxicated witnesses/victims. Some police departments had local guidelines on how to conduct investigative interviews with intoxicated individuals, but it was mostly up to each officer to make a subjective judgement regarding interactions with this witness group. Data evidenced that the high prevalence rate of intoxicated witnesses/victims in Sweden is similar to rates in Australia, the U.S. and U.K. It appears that the Swedish police are unaware of research concerning when and how to conduct investigative interviews with intoxicated witnesses and victims, a potentially vulnerable group. Conclusions: A closer collaboration between police and researchers is encouraged in order to develop guidelines for investigations with intoxicated individuals.
|
|
| 5. |
- Knutsson, Jens, et al.
(författare)
-
Opinions of legal professionals: Comparing child and adult witnesses' memory report capabilities
- 2014
-
Ingår i: The European Journal of Psychology Applied To Legal Context. - : Colegio Oficial de Psicologos de Madrid. - 1989-4007 .- 1889-1861. ; 6:2, s. 79-89
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The opinions of legal professionals about child and adult witnesses might influence the likelihood that a case is allowed to proceed through the different stages of the legal process. With the aim of knowing the opinions of legal practitioners about child and adult witnesses, 84 legal professionals (Swedish police, prosecutors, and attorneys) were surveyed about their beliefs about child and adult eyewitness memory (and metamemory) abilities. The respondents answered 27 questions relating to nine forensically relevant belief areas in which they compared the memory ability of children (ages 7 to 11 years) and adults. The results showed no differences in assessment among members of different professions and a general trend suggesting that, across the professions, children were believed to be poorer witnesses than adults regarding their memory abilities. Moreover, the professionals' within-group consensus was very low. These results are discussed in the context of eyewitness research findings and with respect to the implications for both legal and research practice. (C) 2014 Colegio Oficial de Psicologos de Madrid. Production by Elsevier Espana, S.L. All rights reserved.
|
|
| 6. |
- May, L., et al.
(författare)
-
Using the Scharff-technique to elicit information: How to effectively establish the "illusion of knowing it all"?
- 2016
-
Ingår i: European Journal of Psychology Applied to Legal Context. - : Colegio Oficial de Psicologos de Madrid. - 1889-1861. ; 8:2, s. 79-85
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The Scharff-technique is used for eliciting information from human sources. At the very core of the technique is the "illusion of knowing it all" tactic, which aims to inflate a source's perception of how much knowledge an interviewer holds about the event to be discussed. For the current study, we mapped the effects following two different ways of introducing this particular tactic; a traditional way of implementation where the interviewer explicitly states that s/he already knows most of the important information (the traditional condition), and a new way of implementation where the interviewer just starts to present the information that s/he holds (the just start condition). The two versions were compared in two separate experiments. In Experiment 1 (N = 60), we measured the participants' perceptions of the interviewer's knowledge, and in Experiment 2 (N = 60), the participants' perceptions of the interviewer's knowledge gaps. We found that participants in the just start condition (a) believed the interviewer had more knowledge (Experiment 1), and (b) searched less actively for gaps in the interviewer's knowledge (Experiment 2), compared to the traditional condition. We will discuss the current findings and how sources test and perceive the knowledge his or her interviewer possesses within a framework of social hypothesis testing.
|
|
| 7. |
- Sarwar, Farhan, et al.
(författare)
-
Effects of different types of forensic information on eyewitness’ memory and confidence accuracy
- 2014
-
Ingår i: The European Journal of Psychology Applied to Legal Context. - : Colegio Oficial de Psicologos de Madrid. - 1889-1861 .- 1989-4007. ; 6:1, s. 17-27
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This study investigated eyewitnesses’ memory and confidence accuracy for action information (what happened at the crime scene), and detail information (descriptions of persons, objects, time and place). In Experiment 1, 89 participants watched a film and participated in one of four conditions: Laboratory discussion, Family discussion, Retell and Control, the first three with five meetings each. Three weeks later all participants open free recalled the events, and confidence judged their answers. The participants showed better free recall and confidence accuracy for action than for detail information. Participants in the two discussion conditions and in the Retell condition recalled more items and those in the Lab-discussion and Retell conditions more correct items for action information, than those in Control group. However, the four conditions did not differ for proportion correct of all action items recalled and confidence accuracy for action items. In brief, Experiment 1 showed that witness discussions and retellings of the experienced event with others improved recall for action information but had had no, or small, effects on confidence accuracy. Experiment 2 investigated recall and confidence accuracy performance for action and detail information using focused questions. Seventy-seven participants watched a film, answered and confidence judged 63 questions about action and detail information about the events. Again, participants showed better memory and confidence accuracy for action information. Overall, the results indicate that, for both free recall and focused questions, witnesses’ recall and confidence accuracy is better for action information than for detail information, thus extra precaution is needed in the forensic system when detail information from witnesses is considered.
|
|
| 8. |
- Sjödin, Anna-Kari, et al.
(författare)
-
Dating violence compared to other types of violence: similar offenders but different victims
- 2017
-
Ingår i: European Journal of Psychology Applied to Legal Context. - : Colegio Oficial de Psicologos de Madrid. - 1889-1861. ; 9:2, s. 83-91
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The aim of this study was to characterize young dating violent offenders (DVO), and to compare them to the general population and to young offenders with violent crimes directed against other victims. We have used data from the Development of Aggressive Antisocial Behaviour Study, in all 262 young men, 18 to 25 years, convicted of violent crimes and imprisoned in the Western Region of the Swedish Prison and Probation Services. We found that young DVO offenders differed from the general population in all investigated areas; however, the group did not differ in comparisons to other young violent offenders. Our results highlight the antisocial aspects of dating violent crime being rooted in aggressive antisocial behaviour, lacking signs of any specific offender type characteristics, thus questioning the validity of crime specific treatment programs in prison for young offenders of dating violence. (C) 2017 Colegio Oficial de Psicologos de Madrid. Published by Elsevier Espana, S.L.U.
|
|
| 9. |
|
|
| 10. |
- Strömwall, Leif, 1967, et al.
(författare)
-
Perpetrator characteristics and blame attributions in a stranger rape situation
- 2014
-
Ingår i: European Journal of Psychology Applied to Legal Context. - : Colegio Oficial de Psicologos de Madrid. - 1889-1861. ; 6:2, s. 63-67
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Both real-life events and research show that rape victims are sometimes blamed for their victimization. The effect of perpetrator characteristics on victim blaming has rarely been studied. In an experiment using a community sample (N = 161), we investigated the effect of the perpetrator's previous conviction and age, as well as participants' gender and belief in a just world (BJW) on blame attributions using a vignette methodology. It was predicted that less victim blame and more perpetrator blame would be attributed when the perpetrator had a previous conviction. Results showed that level of BJW was associated with victim blame (positively) and perpetrator blame (negatively). Men blamed the victim more and women blamed the victim less when the perpetrator had a previous conviction. Women blamed the perpetrator more and men less when the perpetrator had a previous conviction. Hence, gender is an important factor in explaining variation in blame attributions. (C) 2014 Colegio Oficial de Psicologos de Madrid. Production by Elsevier Espana, S.L. All rights reserved.
|
|
