| 1. |
- Flykt, Anders
(författare)
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Visual search with biological threat stimuli : Accuracy, reaction times, and heart rate changes.
- 2005
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Ingår i: Emotion. - : American Psychological Association (APA). - 1528-3542 .- 1931-1516. ; 5:3, s. 349-353
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Twenty-four participants were given a visual search task of deciding whether all the pictures in 3x3 search arrays contained a target picture from a deviant category, and heart rate was measured. The categories were: snakes, spiders, flowers, and mushrooms. Shorter reaction times (RT) were observed for fear-relevant (snake and spider) targets than for fear-irrelevant/neutral (flower and mushroom) targets. This difference was most pronounced for the participants presented with a grey-scale version of the search arrays. The first interbeat interval (IBI), after the search array onset, showed an effect of the target, while the second IBI also showed an effect of the distractors. The results suggest that controlled processing of the task operates together with automatic processing.
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| 2. |
- Carlsson, Katrin, et al.
(författare)
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Fear and the Amygdala : Manipulation of Awareness Generates Differential Cerebral Responses to Phobic and Fear-Relevant (but Nonfeared) Stimuli
- 2004
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Ingår i: Emotion. - : American Psychological Association (APA). - 1528-3542 .- 1931-1516. ; 4:4, s. 340-353
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Rapid response to danger holds an evolutionary advantage. In this positron emission tomography study, phobics were exposed to masked visual stimuli with timings that either allowed awareness or not of either phobic, fear-relevant (e.g., spiders to snake phobics), or neutral images. When the timing did not permit awareness, the amygdala responded to both phobic and fear-relevant stimuli. With time for more elaborate processing, phobic stimuli resulted in an addition of an affective processing network to the amygdala activity, whereas no activity was found in response to fear-relevant stimuli. Also, right prefrontal areas appeared deactivated, comparing aware phobic and fear-relevant conditions. Thus, a shift from top-down control to an affectively driven system optimized for speed was observed in phobic relative to fear-relevant aware processing. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2006 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)
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| 3. |
- Fischer, Håkan, et al.
(författare)
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Brain activation while forming memories of fearful and neutral faces in women and men
- 2007
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Ingår i: Emotion. - : American Psychological Association (APA). - 1528-3542 .- 1931-1516. ; 7:4, s. 767-773
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Tidskriftsartikel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Event-related functional MRI (fMRI) was used to assess brain activity during encoding of fearful and neutral faces in 12 women and 12 men. In a subsequent memory analysis, the authors separated successful from unsuccessful encoding of both types of faces, based on whether they were remembered or forgotten in a later recognition memory test. Overall, women and men recruited overlapping neural circuitries. Both sexes activated right-sided medial-temporal regions during successful encoding of fearful faces. Successful encoding of neutral faces was associated with left-sided lateral prefrontal and right-sided superior frontal activation in both sexes. In women, relatively greater encoding related activity for neutral faces was seen in the superior parietal and parahippocampal cortices. By contrast, men activated the left and right superior/middle frontal cortex more than women during successful encoding of the same neutral faces. These findings suggest that women and men use similar neural networks to encode facial information, with only subtle sex differences observed for neutral faces.
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| 4. |
- Fischer, Hakan, et al.
(författare)
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Right-sided human prefrontal brain activation during acquisition of conditioned fear.
- 2002
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Ingår i: Emotion. - : American Psychological Association (APA). - 1528-3542 .- 1931-1516. ; 2:3, s. 233-41
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This H2(15)O positron emission tomography (PET) study reports on relative regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) alterations during fear conditioning in humans. In the PET scanner, subjects viewed a TV screen with either visual white noise or snake videotapes displayed alone, then with electric shocks, followed by final presentations of white noise and snakes. Autonomic nervous system responses confirmed fear conditioning only to snakes. To reveal neural activation during acquisition, while equating sensory stimulation, scans during snakes with shocks and white noise alone were contrasted against white noise with shocks and snakes alone. During acquisition, rCBF increased in the right medial frontal gyrus, supporting a role for the prefrontal cortex in fear conditioning to unmasked evolutionary fear-relevant stimuli.
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| 5. |
- Holmes, Emily A., et al.
(författare)
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Mental imagery and emotion : A special relationship?
- 2005
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Ingår i: Emotion. - : AMER PSYCHOLOGICAL ASSOC/EDUCATIONAL PUBLISHING FOUNDATION. - 1528-3542 .- 1931-1516. ; 5:4, s. 489-497
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- A special association between imagery and emotion is often assumed, despite little supporting evidence. In Experiment 1, participants imagined unpleasant events or listened to the same descriptions while thinking about their verbal meaning. Those in the imagery condition reported more anxiety and rated new descriptions as more emotional than did those in the verbal condition. In Experiment 2, 4 groups listened to either benign or unpleasant descriptions, again with imagery or verbal processing instructions. Anxiety again increased more after unpleasant (but not benign) imagery; however, emotionality ratings did not differ after a 10-min filler task. Results support the hypothesis of a special link between imagery and anxiety but leave open the question of whether this also applies to other emotions.
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| 6. |
- Holmes, Emily A., et al.
(författare)
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The causal effect of mental imagery on emotion assessed using picture-word cues
- 2008
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Ingår i: Emotion. - : AMER PSYCHOLOGICAL ASSOC. - 1528-3542 .- 1931-1516. ; 8:3, s. 395-409
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The hypothesis that mental imagery is more likely to elicit emotion than verbal processing of the same material was investigated in two studies. Participants saw a series of pictures, each accompanied by a word, designed to yield a negative or benign meaning when combined. Participants were either free to combine the picture and word as they wished (Experiment 1) or instructed to integrate them using either a descriptive sentence or a mental image (Experiment 2). Emotional response was consistently greater following imagery than after producing a sentence. Experiment 2 also demonstrated the causal effect of imagery on emotion and evaluative learning. Additional participants in Experiment 2 described aloud their images/sentences. Independent ratings of descriptions indicated that, as well as being more emotional, images differed from sentences elicited by identical cues by greater similarity to memories, and greater involvement of sensations and specific events. Results support the hypothesis that imagery evokes stronger affective responses than does verbal processing, perhaps because of sensitivity of emotional brain regions to imagery, the similarity of imagery to perception, and to autobiographical episodes.
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| 7. |
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| 8. |
- Ravaja, Niklas, et al.
(författare)
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The psychophysiology of James Bond : Phasic emotional responses to violent video game events
- 2008
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Ingår i: Emotion. - : American Psychological Association (APA). - 1528-3542 .- 1931-1516. ; 8:1, s. 114-120
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The authors examined emotional valence- and arousal-related phasic psychophysiological responses to different violent events in the first-person shooter video game "James Bond 007: NightFire" among 36 young adults. Event-related changes in zygomaticus major, corrugator supercilii, and orbicularis oculi electromyographic (EMG) activity and skin conductance level (SCL) were recorded, and the participants rated their emotions and the trait psychoticism based on the Psychoticism dimension of the Eysenck Personality Questionnaire--Revised, Short Form. Wounding and killing the opponent elicited an increase in SCL and a decrease in zygomatic and orbicularis oculi EMG activity. The decrease in zygomatic and orbicularis oculi activity was less pronounced among high Psychoticism scorers compared with low Psychoticism scorers. The wounding and death of the player's own character (James Bond) elicited an increase in SCL and zygomatic and orbicularis oculi EMG activity and a decrease in corrugator activity. Instead of joy resulting from victory and success, wounding and killing the opponent may elicit high-arousal negative affect (anxiety), with high Psychoticism scorers experiencing less anxiety than low Psychoticism scorers. Although counterintuitive, the wounding and death of the player's own character may increase some aspect of positive emotion.
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| 9. |
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| 10. |
- Wiens, Stefan
(författare)
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Current Concerns in Visual Masking.
- 2006
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Ingår i: Emotion. - : American Psychological Association (APA). - 1528-3542 .- 1931-1516. ; 6:4, s. 675-680
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Theories of emotion postulate that emotional input is processed independently from perceptual awareness. Although visual masking has a long tradition in studying whether emotional pictures are processed below a supposed threshold of perceptual awareness (subliminal perception), a consensus has yet to be reached. This article reviews current concerns in the use of visual masking. These include a reliable presentation method, the role of masking pictures, common definitions of awareness and their problems, current models of awareness, and neural mechanisms. A useful strategy may be the study of dose–response relationships between awareness and emotion processing that avoids a dichotomous view of awareness and allows conclusions about the relative independence of emotional processing from awareness.
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