| 1. |
- Alabbasi, Abdulrahman, et al.
(författare)
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Interplay of Processing and Radio Parameters : A Service-Oriented Performance Study
- 2020
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Ingår i: IEEE Systems Journal. - : Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE). - 1932-8184 .- 1937-9234. ; 14:1, s. 398-409
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In this paper, we propose general service-oriented end-to-end energy and delay models. They facilitate the evaluation of new schemes, by enabling flexible allocation of processing functions at multilayer radio access network. These models describe the underlaying processing of communication function (PCF)'s complexity and the induced bandwidth. We also introduce the concept of processing interference and link it to the average PCF option of the competing users at the cloud. The proposed framework shows the possibility to compensate the delay or energy degradation, e.g., due to radio environment, by reallocating processing parameters, e.g., allocation of PCF or number of virtual central processing units (VCPUs). Several conclusions are inferred from the system's evaluation. For instance, at lowmodulation index (MI), the behavior of overall energy consumption is dominated by PCF energy, not the transmission energy, whereas, at high MI, the behavior of overall energy consumption is dominated by transmission energy. Centralization of PCF reduces the impact of processing interference (of competing users) on the targeted service's delay from 11 to 2 ms, and service's energy consumption from 18 to 2 J. We further evaluate the impact of PCF on the decision of offloading the service, to be computed at the cloud.
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| 2. |
- Anjos, Eduardo V.P., et al.
(författare)
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FORMAT: A Reconfigurable Tile-Based Antenna Array System for 5G and 6G Millimeter-Wave Testbeds
- 2022
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Ingår i: IEEE Systems Journal. - 1932-8184 .- 1937-9234. ; 16:3, s. 4489-4500
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This article introduces the FORMAT array, a reconfigurable millimeter-wave antenna array platform based on antenna tiles. FORMAT stands for Flexible Organization and Reconfiguration of Millimeter-wave Antenna Tiles, which is a unique hardware solution aiming to implement and demonstrate a variety of antenna array concepts, as well as different array architectures and configurations from the same basic module, providing even benchmark between different solutions and thus valuable insights into fifth-generation (5G) and beyond-5G antenna systems. The combination of a minimum-sized tile with 3D-printed frame parts enables antenna arrays of a variety of sizes, allows multiple beamforming architectures, and a range of different antenna element positioning in the array. The hardware implementation is thoroughly described, with a few different array assemblies being manufactured and measured, validating their antenna performance with over-the-air measurements. Finally, using FORMAT hardware as both base station and user equipment, a 5-m wireless communication link was set up, achieving 4.8 Gbps downlink speed with QAM64 modulation.
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| 3. |
- Bicaku, Ani, DI, 1988-, et al.
(författare)
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Security Standard Compliance Verification in System of Systems
- 2022
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Ingår i: IEEE Systems Journal. - : IEEE. - 1932-8184 .- 1937-9234. ; 16:2, s. 2195-2205
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Standard compliance in system of systems (SoS) means complying with standards, laws, and regulations that apply to services from several sources and different levels. Compliance is a major challenge in many organizations because any violation will lead to financial penalties, lawsuits fines, or revocation of licenses to operate within specific industrial market. To support the business lifecycle, organizations also need to monitor the actual processes during run time and not only in their design time. Standard compliance verification is important in the lifecycle for reasons, such as detection of noncompliance as well as operational decisions of running processes. With the promotion of connectivity of systems, existing and new security standards can be employed but there are important aspects, such as technically measurable indicators, in the standards and automation of compliance verification that need to be addressed. This article presents an automated and continuous standard compliance verification framework used to check devices, systems, and services for standard compliance during secure onboarding and run time. In addition, a case study for the Eclipse Arrowhead framework is used to demonstrate the functionality of the standard compliance verification in SoS.
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| 4. |
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| 5. |
- Chen, Shuzhen, et al.
(författare)
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Connectivity, Netting, and Systemic Risk of Payment Systems
- 2019
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Ingår i: IEEE Systems Journal. - 1932-8184 .- 1937-9234. ; 13:2, s. 1658-1668
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The stability of payment system is of vital importance to the credit market as well as the economic development. Most researches focus on the effect of system connectivity on systemic risk and demonstrate that connectivity provides both risk-spread channel and risk-sharing mechanism. But the management of systemic risk is quite different in real-time gross settlement system and net settlement system. We provide an integrated analysis of the effect of connectivity and netting on systemic risk in payment systems by considering more detailed network structures of pure creditors and pure debtors. We show that the effect of netting is partly due to the change of network connectivity, which severs the contagion channel of shocks. Moreover, netting can lower the actual magnitude of the shock from the beginning by reducing source bank's debt.
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| 6. |
- Chvojka, Petr, et al.
(författare)
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Expanded Multiband Super-Nyquist CAP Modulation for Highly Bandlimited Organic Visible Light Communications
- 2020
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Ingår i: IEEE Systems Journal. - 1932-8184 .- 1937-9234. ; 14:2, s. 2544-2550
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In this article, we experimentally demonstrate a novel expanded nonorthogonal multiband super-Nyquist carrier-less amplitude and phase (m-ESCAP) modulation for bandlimited organic visible light communication (VLC) systems. The proposed scheme has the same bandwidth requirement as the conventional m-CAP while breaking the orthogonality between subcarriers by purposely overlapping them. We compare m-ESCAP with the conventional m-CAP and a compressed nonorthogonal version of m-CAP (m-SCAP) in terms of measured bit error rate (BER) performance, bit rates, and spectral efficiencies. We show that the m-ESCAP system offers improvement in the bit rate of $\sim$10% and 20% compared to the m-CAP and m-SCAP, respectively, and in the spectral efficiency of $\sim$20% compared to m-CAP. These gains are achieved at the cost of increased BER, which, however, remains below the 7% forward error correction limit.
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| 7. |
- Derhamy, Hasan, et al.
(författare)
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System of System Composition based on Decentralized Service Oriented Architecture
- 2019
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Ingår i: IEEE Systems Journal. - : IEEE. - 1932-8184 .- 1937-9234. ; 13:4, s. 3675-3686
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- As society has progressed through periods of evolution and revolution, technology has played a key role as an enabler. In the same manner, mechanical machines of the 1800s drove the industrial revolution, now digitalized machines are driving another industrial revolution. Manufacturers are increasing the digital footprint on the factory floor. It is challenging to harness the vast amounts of data generated, stored, analyzed, archived, and returned. Data centralization has several well-known challenges, such as collection bottlenecks, secure retrieval, single point of failure, and data scheme fragility as data heterogeneity increases. This paper proposes a method of information distribution based on the principle of data at its source . It proposes that contextual data be used at runtime through the creation of dynamic queries that build compositions of different systems. Such system of systems (SoS) compositions handle the flow of data across its life cycle and present it as information to the initiating system. The proposal starts by creating a graph model of the Arrowhead framework. Then, building on the graph model, the query-based approach for specifying, validating, and forming the SoS is proposed. The proposed graph model allows for unambiguous description of systems and their interrelations, including security relations. The proposed composer operates on the edge computing hardware and gives the production floor the ability to extract information without impacting the overall operation of the factory.
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| 8. |
- Dinh, Thanh, et al.
(författare)
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An Adaptive Low-Power Listening Protocol for Wireless Sensor Networks in Noisy Environments
- 2018
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Ingår i: IEEE Systems Journal. - : Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE). - 1932-8184 .- 1937-9234. ; 2:3, s. 2162-2173
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper investigates the energy consumption minimizationproblem for wireless sensor networks running low-powerlistening (LPL) protocols in noisy environments. We observe thatthe energy consumption by false wakeups (i.e., wakeup without receivingany packet) of a node in noisy environments can be a dominantfactor in many cases while the false wakeup rate is spatiallyand temporarily dynamic. Based on this observation, without carefullyconsidering the impact of false wakeups, the energy efficientperformance of LPL nodes in noisy environments may significantlydeviate from the optimal performance. To address this problem,we propose a theoretical framework incorporating LPL temporalparameters with the false wakeup rate and the data rate. We thenformulate an energy consumption minimization problem of LPLin noisy environments and address the problem by a simplifiedand practical approach. Based on the theoretical framework, wedesign an efficient adaptive protocol for LPL (APL) in noisy environments.Through extensive experimental studies with Telosbnodes in real environments, we show that APL achieves 20%–40%energy efficient improvement compared to existing LPL protocolsunder various network conditions.
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| 9. |
- Gan, Wensheng, et al.
(författare)
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Utility-Driven Data Analytics on Uncertain Data
- 2020
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Ingår i: IEEE Systems Journal. - : IEEE. - 1932-8184 .- 1937-9234. ; 14:3, s. 4442-4453
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Modern Internet of Things (IoT) applications generate massive amounts of data, much of them in the form of objects/items of readings, events, and log entries. Specifically, most of the objects in these IoT data contain rich embedded information (e.g., frequency and uncertainty) and different levels of importance (e.g., unit risk/utility of items, interestingness, cost, or weight). Many existing approaches in data mining and analytics have limitations, such as only the binary attribute is considered within a transaction, as well as all the objects/items having equal weights or importance. To solve these drawbacks, a novel utility-driven data analytics algorithm named HUPNU is presented in this article. As a general utility-driven uncertain data mining model, HUPNU can extract High-Utility patterns by considering both Positive and Negative unit utilities from Uncertain data. The qualified high-utility patterns can be effectively discovered for intrusion detection, risk prediction, manufacturing management, and decision-making, among others. By using the developed vertical Probability-Utility list with the positive and negative utilities structure, as well as several effective pruning strategies, experiments showed that the developed HUPNU approach with the pruning strategies performed great in mining the qualified patterns efficiently and effectively.
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| 10. |
- Händel, Peter, et al.
(författare)
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Smartphone-Based Measurement Systems for Road Vehicle Traffic Monitoring and Usage-Based Insurance
- 2014
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Ingår i: IEEE Systems Journal. - : IEEE Press. - 1932-8184 .- 1937-9234. ; 8:4, s. 1238-1248
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- A framework is presented to deploy a smartphone-based measurement system for road vehicle traffic monitoring and usage-based insurance (UBI). Through the aid of a hierarchical model to modularize the description, the functionality is described as spanning from sensor-level functionality and technical specification to the topmost business model. The designer of a complex measurement system has to consider the full picture from low-level sensing, actuating, and wireless data transfer to the topmost level, including enticements for the individual smartphone owners, i.e., the end users who are the actual measurement probes. The measurement system provides two data streams: a primary stream to support road vehicle traffic monitoring and a secondary stream to support the UBI program. The former activity has a clear value for a society and its inhabitants, as it may reduce congestion and environmental impacts. The latter data stream drives the business model and parts of the revenue streams, which ensure the funding of the total measurement system and create value for the end users, the service provider, and the insurance company. In addition to the presented framework, outcome from a measurement campaign is presented, including road vehicle traffic monitoring (primary data stream) and a commercial pilot of UBI based on the driver profiles (secondary data stream). The measurement system is believed to be sustainable due to the incitements offered to the individual end users, in terms of favorable pricing for the insurance premium. The measurement campaign itself is believed to have an interest in its own right, as it includes smartphone probing of road traffic with a number of probes in the vicinity of the current state of the art, given by the Berkeley Mobile Millennium Project. During the ten-month run of the project, some 4500 driving h/250 000 km of road vehicle traffic data were collected.
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