| 1. |
- Aldenhoff, Wiebke, 1985, et al.
(författare)
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First-Year and Multiyear Sea Ice Incidence Angle Normalization of Dual-Polarized Sentinel-1 SAR Images in the Beaufort Sea
- 2020
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Ingår i: IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing. - 1939-1404 .- 2151-1535. ; 13, s. 1540-1550
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Automatic and visual sea ice classification of SAR imagery is impeded by the incidence angle dependence of backscatter intensities. Knowledge of the angular dependence of different ice types is therefore necessary to account for this effect. While consistent estimates exist for HH polarization for different ice types, they are lacking HV polarization data, especially for multiyear sea ice. Here we investigate the incidence angle dependence of smooth and rough/deformed first-year and multiyear ice of different ages for wintertime dual-polarization Sentinel-1 C-band SAR imagery in the Beaufort Sea. Assuming a linear relationship, this dependence is determined using the difference in incidence angle and backscatter intensities from ascending and descending images of the same area. At cross-polarization rough/deformed first-year sea ice shows the strongest angular dependence with -text{0.11} dB/1{circ } followed by multiyear sea ice with -text{0.07} dB/text{1}{circ }, and old multiyear ice (older than three years) with -text{0.04} dB/text{1}{circ }. The noise floor is found to have a strong impact on smooth first-year ice and estimated slopes are therefore not fully reliable. At co-polarization, we obtained slope values of -0.24, -0.20, -text{0.15}, and -text{0.10} dB/text{1}{circ } for smooth first-year, rough/deformed first-year, multiyear, and old multiyear sea ice, respectively. Furthermore, we show that imperfect noise correction of the first subswath influences the obtained slopes for multiyear sea ice. We demonstrate that incidence angle normalization should not only be applied to co-polarization but should also be considered for cross-polarization images to minimize intra ice type variation in backscatter intensity throughout the entire image swath. © 2008-2012 IEEE.
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| 2. |
- Alves, Dimas Irion, et al.
(författare)
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Wavelength-Resolution SAR Change Detection Using Bayes' Theorem
- 2020
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Ingår i: IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing. - : IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC. - 1939-1404 .- 2151-1535. ; 13, s. 5560-5568
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This article presents Bayes' theorem for wavelength-resolution synthetic aperture radar (SAR) change detection method development. Different change detection methods can be derived using Bayes' theorem in combination with the target model, clutter-plus-noise model, iterative implementation, and noniterative implementation. As an example of the Bayes' theorem use for wavelength-resolution SAR change detection method development, we propose a simple change detection method with a clutter-plus-noise model and noniterative implementation. In spite of simplicity, the proposed method provides a very competitive performance in terms of probability of detection and false alarm rate. The best result was a probability of detection of $\text{98.7}\%$ versus a false alarm rate of one per square kilometer.
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| 3. |
- Askne, Jan, 1936, et al.
(författare)
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Boreal Forest Properties from TanDEM-X Data Using Interferometric Water Cloud Model and Implications for a Bistatic C-Band Mission
- 2021
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Ingår i: IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing. - 2151-1535 .- 1939-1404. ; 14, s. 8627-8637
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Data from TanDEM-X in single-pass and bistatic interferometric mode together with the interferometric water cloud model (IWCM) can provide estimates of forest height and stem volume (or the related above-ground biomass) of boreal forests with high accuracy. We summarize results from two boreal test sites using two approaches, i.e., 1) based on model calibration using reference insitu stands, and 2) based on minimization of a cost function. Both approaches are based on inversion of IWCM, which models the complex coherence and backscattering coefficient of a homogeneous forest layer, which includes gaps where free-space wave propagation is assumed. A digital terrain model of the ground is also needed. IWCM is used to estimate forest height or stem volume, since the two variables are assumed to be related through an allometric equation. A relationship between the fractional area of gaps, the area-fill, and stem volume is also required to enable model inversion. The accuracy of the stem volume estimate in the two sites varies between 16% and 21% for height of ambiguity <100 m. The results clearly show the importance of using summer-time acquisitions. Based on the TanDEM-X results at X-band, C-band data from the ERS-1/ERS-2 tandem mission are revisited to investigate the potential of a future bistatic C-band interferometric mission. Out of nine ERS-1/ERS-2 pairs, only one pair was found to be acquired at summer temperatures, without precipitation and with high coherence. A simulated bistatic phase height is shown to give approximately the same sensitivity to stem volume as TanDEM-X.
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| 4. |
- Ban, Yifang, et al.
(författare)
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Multitemporal Spaceborne SAR Data for Urban Change Detection in China
- 2012
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Ingår i: IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing. - 1939-1404 .- 2151-1535. ; 5:4, s. 1087-1094
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The objective of this research is to examine effective methods for urban change detection using multitemporal spaceborne SAR data in two rapid expanding cities in China. One scene of ERS-2 SAR C-VV image was acquired in Beijing in 1998 and in shanghai in 1999 respectively and one scene of ENVISAT ASAR C-VV image was acquired in near-anniversary dates in 2008 in Beijing and Shanghai. To compare the SAR images from different dates, a modified ratio operator that takes into account both positive and negative changes was developed to derive a change image. A generalized version of Kittler-Illingworth minimum-error thresholding algorithm was then tested to automatically classify the change image into two classes, change and no change. Various probability density functions such as Log normal, Generalized Gaussian, Nakagami ratio, and Weibull ratio were investigated to model the distribution of the change and no change classes. The results showed that Kittler-Illingworth algorithm applied to the modified ratio image is very effective in detecting temporal changes in urban areas using SAR images. Log normal and Nakagami density models achieved the best results. The Kappa coefficients of these methods were of 0.82 and 0.71 for Beijing and Shanghai respectively while the false alarm rates were 2.7% and 4.75%. The findings indicated that the change accuracies obtained using Kittler-Illingworth algorithm vary depending on how the assumed conditional class density function fits the histograms of change and no change classes.
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| 5. |
- Brown, Ian A.
(författare)
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Synthetic Aperture Radar Measurements of a Retreating Firn Line on a Temperate Icecap
- 2012
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Ingår i: IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing. - 1939-1404 .- 2151-1535. ; 5:1, s. 153-160
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The firn line, like other glacier facies, is mapped operationally as part of glacier monitoring activities for glaciological and climate studies. Synthetic aperture radar (SAR) images are commonly used to determine the firn line in dry snow imagery. The radiometric response of retreating firn has not previously been investigated. Rather, it has been assumed that firn line mapping is only useful where large scale advances or retreats of the lower limit of continuous firn have occurred. In this paper the radiometric signal of retreating firn on an icecap in north Norway is analyzed using multi-temporal SAR imagery. Using comparisons with firn well above the firn line and field investigations of the firn properties, backscattering mechanisms are inferred. It is found that retreating firn has a distinctive radiometric signal that can be used to identify the inception and progression of firn down-wasting prior to and during firn line retreat.
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| 6. |
- Dammann, Dyre Oliver, 1985, et al.
(författare)
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Traversing Sea Ice-Linking Surface Roughness and Ice Trafficability Through SAR Polarimetry and Interferometry
- 2018
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Ingår i: IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing. - 2151-1535 .- 1939-1404. ; 11:2, s. 416-433
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Arctic landfast sea ice is widely utilized for transportation by local communities and industry, with trafficability largely governed by ice roughness. Here, we introduce an approach to evaluate ice roughness that can aid in routing of ice roads and assessment of spatial variability and long-term changes in trafficability. Drawing on synthetic aperture radar (SAR) polarimetry, SAR interferometry (InSAR), and other remote sensing techniques, we integrated approaches into the trafficability assessment that had rarely been applied over sea ice in the past. Analysis of aerial photogrammetry obtained through structure-from-motion helped verify cm-scale accuracy of X-band InSAR-derived ridge height and link L-band polarimetric classification to specific roughness regimes. Jointly, these approaches enable a km-scale evaluation of ridge topography and cm-to m-scale roughness-both critical for the assessment of trafficability. A trafficability index was derived from such SAR data in conjunction with analysis of ice trail routing and ice use near Utqiaġvik, Alaska. The index identifies areas of reduced trafficability, associated with pressure ridges or rubble ice, and served to delineate favorable trail routes for different modes of transportation, with potential uses ranging from ice road routing to emergency evacuation. Community outreach is needed to explore how this approach could assist different ice users in reducing risk, minimizing trail or ice construction efforts, and improving safety.
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| 7. |
- Darvishi, Mehdi, et al.
(författare)
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Performance evaluation of phase and weather-based models in atmospheric correction with Sentinel-1data: Corvara landslide in the Alps
- 2020
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Ingår i: IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing. - : IEEE. - 1939-1404 .- 2151-1535. ; 13, s. 1332-1346
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Phase delay caused by atmospheric effects due to spatial and temporal variations of pressure, temperature, and water vapor content is one of the major errors ources in estimation of ground deformation by interferometric synthetic aperture radar (InSAR). Therefore, accuracy of ground deformation measurement is highly contingent on the robustness of the atmospheric correction techniques. These techniques rely eitheron auxiliary data such as numerical weather models or on the analysis of the interferometric phase itself. The accuracyin phase delays estimation of mixing effectsof turbulent delay in atmosphere and stratified delay in lower troposphere is a key factor in determination of performanceof each technique. Hence, the performance evaluation of the techniques is required in order toassess their potentials, robustness and limitations. This paper analyzes and evaluates the performance of four numerical weather models (i.e., ERA-Interim, ERA5, MERRA2 and WRF) and two phase-based techniques (i.e., linear and power law) to estimate phase delay using Sentinel-1A/B data over the Corvara landslide located in the Alps. The GPS data and GACOS product were used to validate the results. We generally found that ERA5 outperformed among other weather models with a phase standard deviation reduction of 77.7%(with respect to the InSAR phase), a correlation coefficient of 0.86 (between InSAR phase and estimated tropospheric delay) and a less significant error in the velocity estimation of the landslide.
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| 8. |
- Demchev, Denis, 1984, et al.
(författare)
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Alignment of Multi-Frequency SAR Images Acquired over Sea Ice Using Drift Compensation
- 2023
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Ingår i: IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing. - 2151-1535 .- 1939-1404. ; 16, s. 7393-7402
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We investigate the feasibility to align synthetic aperture radar (SAR) imagery based on a compensation for sea ice drift occurring between temporally shifted image acquisitions. The image alignment is a requirement for improving sea ice classification by combining multi-frequency SAR images acquired at different times. Images obtained at different radar frequencies provide complementary information, thus reducing ambiguities in the separation of ice types and the retrieval of sea ice parameters. For the alignment we use ice displacement vectors obtained from a sea ice drift retrieval algorithm based on pattern matching. The displacement vectors are organized on a triangular mesh and used for a piecewise affine transformation of the slave image onto the master image. In our case study we developed an alignment framework for pairs of ALOS-2 PALSAR-2 (L-band) and Sentinel-1 (C-band) images. We demonstrate several successful examples of alignment for time gaps ranging from a few hours to several days, depending on ice conditions. The data were acquired over three test sites in the Arctic: Belgica Bank, Fram Strait, and Lincoln Sea. We assess the quality of alignment using the structural similarity index (SSIM). From the displacement vectors, locations and extensions of patches of strong ice deformation are determined which allows to estimate the possible areal size of successful alignment over undeformed ice and a judgment of the expected quality for each image pair. The comprehensive assessment of hundreds of aligned L-C SAR pairs shows the potential of our method to work under various environmental conditions provided that the ice drift can be estimated reliably.
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| 9. |
- Elyouncha, Anis, 1978, et al.
(författare)
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Direct comparison of sea surface velocity estimated from Sentinel-1 and TanDEM-X SAR data
- 2022
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Ingår i: IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing. - 2151-1535 .- 1939-1404. ; 15, s. 2425-2436
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper presents the first direct comparison of the sea surface radial velocity (RVL) derived from the two satellite SAR systems Sentinel-1 and TanDEM-X, operating at different frequencies and imaging modes. The RVL is derived from the Doppler centroid (Dc) provided in the Sentinel-1 OCN product and from the along-track interferometric phase of the TanDEM-X. The comparison is carried out using opportunistic acquisitions, collocated in space and time, over three different sites. First, it is observed that the RVL derived from both satellites is biased, thus calibration is applied using the land as a reference. The comparison shows that the correlation and the mean RVL bias between the two datasets depend on the differences in acquisition time, incidence angle and azimuth angle, and on wind and current speed and direction. It is found that, given a time difference of < 20 min, the spatial correlation coefficient is relatively high (between 0.7 and 0.93), which indicates that the two SAR systems observe similar sea surface current fields. The spatial correlation degrades primarily due to increasing time difference and decreasing current magnitudes. The mean RVL bias increases primarily with the radial wind speed, which suggests that the RVL bias is mainly due to the wave-induced Doppler shift. This study shows that under certain conditions, i.e. similar acquisition geometry and short time delay, a good agreement between the two independently derived RVL is achieved. This encourages a synergistic use of the sea surface velocity estimated from different C- and X-band SAR systems.
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| 10. |
- Feigenwinter, Christian, et al.
(författare)
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Spatial Distribution of Sensible and Latent Heat Flux in the City of Basel (Switzerland)
- 2018
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Ingår i: IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing. - 1939-1404 .- 2151-1535. ; 11:8 (S1), s. 2717-2723
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- IEEE Urban surfaces are a complex mixture of different land covers and surface materials; the relative magnitudes of the surface energy balance components therefore vary widely across a city. Eddy covariance (EC) measurements provide the best estimates of turbulent heat fluxes but are restricted to the source area. Land surface modeling with earth observation (EO) data is beneficial for extrapolation of a larger area since citywide information is possible. Turbulent sensible and latent heat fluxes are calculated by a combination of micrometeorological approaches (the aerodynamic resistance method, ARM), EO data, and GIS techniques. Input data such as land cover fractions and surface temperatures are derived from Landsat 8 OLI and TIRS, urban morphology was calculated from high-resolution digital building models and GIS data layers, and meteorological data were provided by flux tower measurements. Twenty-two Landsat scenes covering all seasons and different meteorological conditions were analyzed. Sensible heat fluxes were highest for industrial areas, railway stations, and areas with high building density, mainly corresponding to the pixels with highest surface-to-air temperature differences. The spatial distribution of latent heat flux is strongly related to the saturation deficit of vapor and the (minimum) stomatal resistance of vegetation types. Seasonal variations are highly dependent on meteorological conditions, i.e., air temperature, water vapor saturation deficit, and wind speed. Comparison of measured fluxes with modeled fluxes in the weighted source area of the flux towers is moderately accurate due to known drawbacks in the modeling approach and uncertainties inherent to EC measurements, particularly in urban areas.
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