| 1. |
- Cosma, Giovanni, et al.
(författare)
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Way-finding lighting systems for rail tunnel evacuation: A virtual reality experiment with Oculus Rift
- 2016
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Ingår i: Journal of Transportation Safety & Security. - : Informa UK Limited. - 1943-9962 .- 1943-9970. ; 8:No. S1, s. 101-117
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- An experimental study has been conducted to investigate if a new and simple system, that is, stripes of high-bright dynamic green LED lights installed on the floor, can support people way-finding in smoke-filled railway tunnel evacuations. The impact of way-finding installations on people evacuation (intended as people movement paths and evacuation times) has been studied using Oculus Rift, a head-mounted display (HMD) device for virtual reality. Two different way-finding installation setups have been investigated. A rail tunnel evacuation scenario has been developed in a virtual environment and the behavior of 60 test participants has been observed (one control group with no installations available and two groups with either alternate or continuous high-bright dynamic green lights). Results show a positive impact of way-finding lighting installations on people evacuation safety. No significant differences have been found between the impact of dynamic alternate and continuous lights on participants' evacuation behavior. Both installation setups influenced movement paths of test participants during the evacuation process, that is, participants tend to walk closer to the lights.
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| 2. |
- Dozza, Marco, 1978, et al.
(författare)
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Editorial: Cycling Safety
- 2020
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Ingår i: Journal of Transportation Safety and Security. - : Informa UK Limited. - 1943-9962 .- 1943-9970. ; 12:1, s. 1-2
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Tidskriftsartikel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)
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| 3. |
- Dozza, Marco, 1978
(författare)
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What is the relation between crashes from crash databases and near crashes from naturalistic data?
- 2020
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Ingår i: Journal of Transportation Safety and Security. - : Informa UK Limited. - 1943-9962 .- 1943-9970. ; 12:1, s. 37-51
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Naturalistic cycling data are increasingly available worldwide and promise ground-breaking insights into road-user behaviour and crash-causation mechanisms. Because few, low-severity crashes are available, safety analyses of naturalistic data often rely on near-crashes. Nevertheless, the relation between near-crashes and crashes is still unknown, and the debate on whether it is legitimate to use near-crashes as a proxy for crashes is still open. This paper exemplifies a methodology that combines crashes from a crash database and near-crashes from naturalistic studies to explore their potential relation. Using exposure to attribute a risk level to individual crashes and near-crashes depending on their temporal and spatial distribution, this methodology proposes an alternative to blackspots for crash analysis and compares crash risk with near-crash risk. The novelty of this methodology is to use exposure with high time and space resolution to estimate the risk for specific crashes and near-crashes.
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| 4. |
- Farah, Haneen, et al.
(författare)
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Drivers' Irrationality in Evaluating Risks on Two-Lane Highways
- 2012
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Ingår i: Journal of Transportation Safety and Security. - : Informa UK Limited. - 1943-9962 .- 1943-9970. ; 4:1, s. 67-82
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Head-on collisions on two-lane rural highways might result from failed passing maneuvers. This paper investigates the hypothesis that drivers do not always estimate the required passing gap correctly, and their decision to overtake is made under a particular, even if small, probability that a crash will occur; this is the associated risk. The research investigates drivers’ irrationality in evaluating the risks of different passing gaps and, develops a risk-taking measure. This measure provides a tool for classifying drivers into different groups: risky drivers, partially cautious, and cautious drivers. A comparison of the socio-demographic averages, driving style, and crash history parameters for these groups showed significant differences.The measure developed can be used for risk evaluation and as a measure of safety. It further provides a tool for classifying drivers into groups based on their risk-taking characteristics. This is particularly useful for safety education programs.
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| 5. |
- Fors, Carina, et al.
(författare)
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A comparison of driver sleepiness in the simulator and on the real road
- 2016
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Ingår i: Journal of Transportation Safety and Security. - : Informa UK Limited. - 1943-9962 .- 1943-9970. ; , s. 1-16
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- For safety reasons as well as for experimental control, driver sleepiness experiments are often run in simulators. The aim of this study is to compare the development of driver sleepiness in an advanced driving simulator experiment with real road driving. Sixteen drivers participated in the experiment, which included daytime and night-time driving on a real motorway and in an advanced driving simulator.The results showed that there were significantly higher levels of Karolinska Sleepiness Scale (KSS) ratings, longer blink durations, lower percentage of gazes directed toward the road center (PRC), and higher speed, in the simulator compared to the real road. The pattern of change with task progression was consistent between simulator driving and real road driving for all investigated variables, that is, speed, KSS, line crossings, blink duration, and PRC. However, the relative differences were higher during daytime compared to night-time driving.Results from a questionnaire showed that it was more boring and more demanding to stay alert in the simulator. In conclusion, the development of sleepiness over time is similar in the simulator as compared to the real road, though the absolute sleepiness level is higher in the simulator.
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| 6. |
- Forsberg, Rebecca, et al.
(författare)
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A study of a mass casualty train crash, focusing on the cause of injuries
- 2014
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Ingår i: Journal of Transportation Safety & Security. - : Taylor & Francis. - 1943-9962 .- 1943-9970. ; 6:2, s. 152-166
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This case study includes 73 fatally and nonfatally injured passengers from a level-crossing train crash in Nosaby, Sweden, in 2004. The aim was to identify the injury panorama and the injury objects and to determine the injury-inducing variables. Data were analyzed with descriptive statistics, quantitative content analysis, and multivariate data analysis. The first carriage overturned, and its occupants were the ones who suffered the most severe and lethal injuries. Injury type and injury location for these passengers also differed significantly from the passengers on the other two carriages. Tables significantly influenced injury type and injury location in all carriages, whereas the injured persons’ seating position had significant effect only in the second and third carriage. Those who had travelled facing forward with a table in front of them in Carriages 2 and 3 were more likely to have sustained injuries to their abdomen or pelvis. Other injury-inducing objects were seats, interior structures, wood pellets from the truck, and other passengers. Neck sprains were significantly more prevalent among those who had travelled facing backward. Improved train crashworthiness also needs to include interior safety, which would have a potential to reduce crash injuries.
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| 7. |
- Joewono, T. B., et al.
(författare)
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Behavioural Causes and Categories of Traffic Violations by Motorcyclists in Indonesian Urban Roads
- 2015
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Ingår i: Journal of Transportation Safety and Security. - : Informa UK Limited. - 1943-9962 .- 1943-9970. ; 7:2, s. 174-197
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- To prevent road accidents and formulate policies to promote road safety in urban roads, it is crucial to understand factors that cause violation of traffic rules. Although such issues have been investigated in developed countries, the availability of such knowledge in rapidly motorizing countries, such as Indonesia, is still poor. This study aims to investigate the factors influencing violation behavior by motorcyclists and types of such violations. The study is based on surveys of three metropolitan cities, namely Bandung, Yogyakarta, and Surabaya, in Indonesia. Structural equation modelling has been performed to investigate factors influencing motorcyclists to commit traffic violations and their causal relationships. Although there are differences in the ranking of factors influencing traffic violations among the three cities studied, the analysis has been able to show patterns of similarities as well. The inadequacy of engineering and maintenance conditions of the road infrastructure appears to be partly responsible for the phenomenon of motorcyclists developing a lack of respect to traffic rules.
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| 8. |
- Joewono, Tri Basuki, et al.
(författare)
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Traffic violations by young motorcyclists on Indonesian urban roads
- 2017
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Ingår i: JOURNAL OF TRANSPORTATION SAFETY & SECURITY. - : Taylor & Francis. - 1943-9962 .- 1943-9970. ; 9, s. 236-261
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- It is already understood that road users have differences in capability and limitations in driving their cars and motorcycles. Most studies regarding variability and safety concerns related to road users' driving behaviors, however, are based on data from developed countries. It is argued that there are differences in characteristics and consequences of road accidents in developed and developing cities due to the impacts of the different composition of traffic, road users' attitudes and driving behaviors, vehicle type and size, regulations, and types of violations. This study aims to investigate the factors underlying traffic violation behaviors and the types of traffic violations committed by young motorcyclists on urban roads in Indonesia. Data were gathered using a questionnaire survey in three major cities. Structural equation modelling was performed to analyze the significant factors influencing young motorcyclists with regard to committing traffic violations, including analysis of the causal relationship between the influencing factors, the characteristics of young motorcyclists, and the types of violations. The analyses found that young motorcyclists were influenced by different magnitudes of influencing factors in violating traffic regulations compared to more mature motorcyclists. This highlights the need to design a specialized behavioral change policy to reduce traffic violations among young motorcyclists.
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| 9. |
- Jomaa, Diala, 1978-, et al.
(författare)
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Effectiveness of trigger speed of vehicle-activated signs on mean and standard deviation of speed
- 2016
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Ingår i: Journal of Transportation Safety and Security. - : Informa UK Limited. - 1943-9962 .- 1943-9970. ; 8:4, s. 293-309
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Excessive or inappropriate speeds are a key factor in traffic fatalities and crashes. Vehicle-activated signs (VASs) are therefore being extensively used to reduce speeding to increase traffic safety. A VAS is triggered by an individual vehicle when the driver exceeds a speed threshold, otherwise known as trigger speed (TS). The TS is usually set to a constant, normally proportional to the speed limit on the particular segment of road. Decisions concerning the TS largely depend on the local traffic authorities. The primary objective of this article is to help authorities determine the TS that gives an optimal effect on the Mean and Standard Deviation of speed. The data were systematically collected using radar technology whilst varying the TS. The results show that when the applied TS was set near the speed limit, the standard deviation was high. However, the Standard Deviation decreased substantially when the threshold was set to the 85th percentile. This decrease occurred without a significant increase in the mean speed. It is concluded that the optimal threshold speed should approximate the 85th percentile, though VASs should ideally be individually calibrated to the traffic conditions at each site.
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| 10. |
- Larcher, Martin, et al.
(författare)
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Effectiveness of finite-element modelling of damage and injuries for explosions inside trains
- 2016
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Ingår i: Journal of Transportation Safety and Security. - : Taylor & Francis Group. - 1943-9962 .- 1943-9970. ; 8, s. 83-100
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The rail-bound sector has become a preferred target of terrorist attacks because of its vulnerability, and the most frequent way to carry out these attacks has been the use of explosive devices.The aim of this study is to investigate the effectiveness of modelling detonation effects inside train carriages using explicit finite element techniques. The numerical simulations consider fluid-structure interaction phenomena and several parametric studies are conducted. Carriage damage and injuries to the passengers are examined. Displacements in the model of the carriage structure do not vary greatly for small changes of the charge size, its location, or by open doors. Changing charge size, the location of the detonation, and door setting however had significant impact on the risk of eardrum rupture and fatality. Comparison of the simulation and real life data demonstrate a good agreement between the real and calculated displacements of the carriage, whereas the risk of death and eardrum rupture is slightly higher in the calculations. The model presented can reproduce a reliable actual situation if more parameters that influence injuries of blast waves were considered.
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