| 1. |
- Berggren, Mathias
(författare)
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No Evidence of a Gender-Equality Paradox in Gendered Names : Comment on Vishkin, Slepian, and Galinsky (2022)
- 2023
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Ingår i: Social Psychology and Personality Science. - : Sage Publications. - 1948-5506 .- 1948-5514. ; 14:8, s. 964-971
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This article reexamines the results of Vishkin, Slepian, and Galinsky (2022), which found larger gender differences in voiced names with higher gender equality over time and across states. I show that the employed statistical methods and calculations led the authors to draw incorrect conclusions. Using more appropriate methods, I show that there is no evidence of a systematic decrease in the proportion of voiced female names over time nor a corresponding increase for male names in Study 1 and that the gender difference has actually decreased. In Study 2, I show that, contrary to the authors’ hypothesis, both men and women have a higher proportion of voiced names in states with higher female leadership scores and that the increased difference disappears when controlling for a cultural confound—states’ proportion of foreign-born inhabitants. I conclude by discussing some overarching issues and thoughts on best practices.
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| 2. |
- Bergh, Robin, 1983-, et al.
(författare)
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Empathic and Numerate Giving : The Joint Effects of Victim Images and Charity Evaluations
- 2021
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Ingår i: Social Psychology and Personality Science. - : Sage Publications. - 1948-5506 .- 1948-5514. ; 12:3, s. 407-416
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Helping behaviors are often driven by emotional reactions to the suffering of particular individuals, but these behaviors do not seem to be upregulated when many people need help. In this article, we consider if these reactions are also "innumerate" to information about how charities spend their money. Across six experiments, we examined how images of identified victims interact with information about charity efficiency (money toward program) and effectiveness (program outcome). We further examined if the images primarily get people to donate (yes/no), while efficiency/effectiveness might provide a tuning mechanism for how much to give. Results showed that images influenced the propensity to donate and induced participants donate their full bonuses, indicating heuristic effects. Efficiency and effectiveness information had no effects on donations.
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| 3. |
- Bergh, Robin, et al.
(författare)
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The Personality Underpinnings of Explicit and Implicit Generalized Prejudice
- 2012
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Ingår i: Social Psychological and Personality Science. - : SAGE Publications. - 1948-5506 .- 1948-5514. ; 3:5, s. 614-621
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The idea of prejudice as a tendency that can be generalized from one target to another and the personality–prejudice relationship have been widely examined using explicit measures. However, less is known about this tendency and its relation to personality for implicit prejudice measures, like the implicit association test (IAT). Three studies including explicit and corresponding implicit prejudice measures toward various target groups confirmed a generalized factor for both types of measures with a stronger common component for the explicit factor. Personality was significantly related to the explicit measures only. Also, the personality and prejudice measures were unrelated to explicit and implicit attitudes toward an irrelevant target which rules out potential method confound. These results indicate that explicit and implicit prejudice measures tap different psychological constructs relating differently to the individual’s self-reported personality. The findings have implications for the debate on whether IAT scores reflect personally endorsed attitudes.
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| 4. |
- Brown, Nicholas, 1960-, et al.
(författare)
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The GRIM Test : A Simple Technique Detects Numerous Anomalies in the Reporting of Results in Psychology
- 2017
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Ingår i: Social Psychology and Personality Science. - : Sage Publications. - 1948-5506 .- 1948-5514. ; 8:4, s. 363-369
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We present a simple mathematical technique that we call granularity-related inconsistency of means (GRIM) for verifying the summary statistics of research reports in psychology. This technique evaluates whether the reported means of integer data such as Likert-type scales are consistent with the given sample size and number of items. We tested this technique with a sample of 260 recent empirical articles in leading journals. Of the articles that we could test with the GRIM technique (N = 71), around half (N = 36) appeared to contain at least one inconsistent mean, and more than 20% (N = 16) contained multiple such inconsistencies. We requested the data sets corresponding to 21 of these articles, receiving positive responses in 9 cases. We confirmed the presence of at least one reporting error in all cases, with three articles requiring extensive corrections. The implications for the reliability and replicability of empirical psychology are discussed.
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| 5. |
- Dang, Junhua, et al.
(författare)
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A Multilab Replication of the Ego Depletion Effect
- 2021
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Ingår i: Social Psychology and Personality Science. - : Sage Publications. - 1948-5506 .- 1948-5514. ; 12:1, s. 14-24
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- There is an active debate regarding whether the ego depletion effect is real. A recent preregistered experiment with the Stroop task as the depleting task and the antisaccade task as the outcome task found a medium-level effect size. In the current research, we conducted a preregistered multilab replication of that experiment. Data from 12 labs across the globe (N = 1,775) revealed a small and significant ego depletion effect, d = 0.10. After excluding participants who might have responded randomly during the outcome task, the effect size increased to d = 0.16. By adding an informative, unbiased data point to the literature, our findings contribute to clarifying the existence, size, and generality of ego depletion.
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| 6. |
- Dang, Junhua, et al.
(författare)
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The Beauty of the Zero : Replications and Extensions of the Hidden-Zero Effect in Delay Discounting Tasks
- 2021
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Ingår i: Social Psychology and Personality Science. - : SAGE Publications. - 1948-5506 .- 1948-5514. ; 12:4, s. 544-549
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Unlike the presentation format in a typical delay discounting task (e.g., Would you prefer [A] US$4.3 today OR [B] US$7.5 in 22 days?), Magen et al. inserted a zero to each alternative (e.g., Would you prefer [A] US$4.3 today and US$0 in 22 days OR [B] US$0 today and US$7.5 in 22 days?) and found this manipulation effectively reduced delay discounting (d= .84), which was referred to as the hidden-zero effect. Study 1 was a direct replication of this effect. In Study 2, we tested whether the explicit-zero format could buffer against the detrimental effect of exposure to sexy cues on delay discounting. In Study 3, we explored the mechanism underlying the hidden-zero effect. Taken together, the hidden-zero effect was consistently found across all studies (N= 2,440) and our internal meta-analysis yielded a medium to large effect size (d= .52).
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| 7. |
- Dannisworo, Cantyo A., et al.
(författare)
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Do Victims and Perpetrators Justify Intimate Partner Violence Even While They See It Happening in Front of Their Eyes?
- 2023
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Ingår i: Social Psychology and Personality Science. - 1948-5506 .- 1948-5514.
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- When intimate partner violence occurs, both victims and perpetrators may justify the violence. However, efforts to understand justifying violence typically rely on written descriptions of violent acts or are assessed well after the violence has occurred. Do victims and perpetrators justify violence even while they see it happening? A novel paradigm addressed this question in two cross-sectional studies (Study 1, N = 535 and Study 2, N = 480). Using this paradigm, participants in the violent and non-violent relationships gave in-the-moment and continuous justification ratings (using a slider) as they watched video clip(s), each depicting a couple having a heated and violent fight. The results showed that participants who previously had experienced victimization or perpetration were more likely to justify the violence, both during and after watching the violent clips. This research provides new insights into the nature of violence justification and offers a novel paradigm for future studies.
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| 8. |
- Eriksson, Kimmo, et al.
(författare)
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Humble Self-Enhancement : Religiosity and the Better-Than-Average Effect
- 2014
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Ingår i: Social Psychology and Personality Science. - : SAGE Publications. - 1948-5506 .- 1948-5514. ; 5:1, s. 76-83
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Prior research has linked religiosity to certain forms of self-enhancement. We extend this literature by three studies linking religiosity to the well-established better-than-average effect (BAE). First, a reanalysis of self-judgments of desirable characteristics in 15 nations showed that the BAE was stronger in more religious countries, even taking into account gross domestic product, interdependence, and economic inequality. Second, in two online surveys totaling 1,000 Americans, the BAE was stronger among more religious individuals. Several observations indicated that this relation was due to individuals self-stereotyping with respect to their religious in-groups. In particular, the relation was restricted to characteristics on the warmth dimension, consistent with the religious stereotype, and the average religious in-group member tended to be judged even more favorably than self. The latter phenomenon, which we term humble self-enhancement, is consistent with other studies linking stronger religiosity to greater favoritism of the religious in-group and greater derogation of religious out-groups.
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| 9. |
- Eriksson, Kimmo, et al.
(författare)
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Poverty Prefers Company
- 2014
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Ingår i: Social Psychology and Personality Science. - : SAGE Publications. - 1948-5506 .- 1948-5514. ; 5:3, s. 319-325
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In three web-based experiments, we show that both actual poverty and experimentally induced (imagined) poverty create a preference for greater inequality. Study 1, a cross-national comparison between Americans and Swedes, showed that respondents who were actually poor and those who were experimentally induced to imagine that they were poor tended to express a heightened preference for greater inequality, and for a higher proportion of poor citizens. Study 2 replicated the effects using different procedures. Study 3 showed that imagining oneself being poor increases preferences for a greater proportion of poor people, but imagining oneself being rich does not increase preferences for a greater proportion of rich people. This poverty prefers company effect might affect support for policies aiming at reducing the number of poor people.
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| 10. |
- Forsberg, Erik, et al.
(författare)
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Moral dichotomization at the heart of prejudice : The role of moral foundations and intolerance of ambiguity in generalized prejudice
- 2019
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Ingår i: Social Psychological and Personality Science. - : SAGE Publications. - 1948-5506 .- 1948-5514. ; 10:8, s. 1002-1010
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This study confronted the classical idea that generalized prejudice is rooted in a cognitive tendency to sort reality into rigid and simple categories with the more recent idea that prejudice is shaped by moral intuitions. In a diverse Swedish sample (N = 430), moral absolutism was more strongly associated with generalized prejudice against derogated and dissident (but not dangerous) groups than were other aspects of intolerance of ambiguity. But there was little direct association between any aspect of intolerance of ambiguity and generalized prejudice once indirect relations through binding moral intuitions (which elevated prejudice) and individualizing moral intuitions (which decreased prejudice) had been taken into account. These findings suggest that intolerance of ambiguity is associated with generalized prejudice mainly insofar as it leads to a distinctly moral dichotomization of persons into categories such as insiders and outsiders, law-abiding citizens and deviants, and the righteous and the impure.
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