| 1. |
- Östberg, Per, et al.
(författare)
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A temporal lobe factor in verb fluency
- 2007
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Ingår i: Cortex. - 0010-9452 .- 1973-8102. ; 43:5, s. 607-615
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Verb fluency requires self-sustained verb retrieval. The brain correlates of this task are virtually unknown. We investigated the relations between verb and noun (semantic) fluency and regional brain perfusion in subjects with varying degrees of cognitive decline, ranging from very mild subjective impairment to Alzheimer's disease (AD). Data consisted of single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) data and temporally resolved verb and noun fluency scores from 93 participants. Impaired verb fluency was predicted by a temporal lobe hypoperfusion factor and low education, whereas high age and low perfusion in the parietotemporal-occipital region predicted impaired noun fluency. Analysis of perfusion within the temporal region indicated primary involvement of the temporal pole and medial temporal lobe in AD. This might reflect pathology of the anterior parahippocampal region, which appears early in neurodegenerative disease. Although temporal lobe structures have not usually been implicated in verb processing, early temporal pathology thus appears to contribute to impaired verb fluency in cognitive decline.
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| 2. |
- Baake, Verena, et al.
(författare)
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Cognitive decline in Huntington’s disease expansion gene carriers
- 2017
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Ingår i: Cortex. - : Elsevier BV. - 0010-9452 .- 1973-8102. ; 95, s. 51-62
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background: In Huntington's Disease (HD) cognitive decline can occur before unequivocal motor signs become apparent. As cognitive decline often starts early in the course of the disease and has a progressive nature over time, cognition can be regarded as a key target for symptomatic treatment. The specific progressive profile of cognitive decline over time is unknown. Objective: The aim of this study is to quantify the progression of cognitive decline across all HD stages, from pre-motormanifest to advanced HD, and to investigate if CAG length mediates cognitive decline. Methods: In the European REGISTRY study 2669 HD expansion gene carriers underwent annual cognitive assessment. General linear mixed models were used to model the cognitive decline for each cognitive task across all disease stages. Additionally, a model was developed to evaluate the cognitive decline based on CAG length and age rather than disease stage. Results: There was significant cognitive decline on all administered tasks throughout pre-motormanifest (close to estimated disease onset) participants and the subsequent motormanifest participants from stage 1 to stage 4. Performance on the Stroop Word and Stroop Color tests additionally declined significantly across the two pre-motormanifest groups: far and close to estimated disease onset. The evaluation of cognition performance in relation to CAG length and age revealed a more rapid cognitive decline in participants with longer CAG length than participants with shorter CAG length over time. Conclusion: Cognitive performance already shows decline in pre-motormanifest HD gene expansion carriers and gradually worsens to late stage HD. HD gene expansion carriers with certain CAG length have their own cognitive profile, i.e., longer CAG length is associated with more rapid decline.
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| 3. |
- Bresin, Roberto, 1963-, et al.
(författare)
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Emotion rendering in music : Range and characteristic values of seven musical variables
- 2011
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Ingår i: Cortex. - : Elsevier BV. - 0010-9452 .- 1973-8102. ; 47:9, s. 1068-1081
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Many studies on the synthesis of emotional expression in music performance have focused on the effect of individual performance variables on perceived emotional quality by making a systematical variation of variables. However, most of the studies have used a predetermined small number of levels for each variable, and the selection of these levels has often been done arbitrarily. The main aim of this research work is to improve upon existing methodologies by taking a synthesis approach. In a production experiment, 20 performers were asked to manipulate values of 7 musical variables simultaneously (tempo, sound level, articulation, phrasing, register, timbre, and attack speed) for communicating 5 different emotional expressions (neutral, happy, scary, peaceful, sad) for each of 4 scores. The scores were compositions communicating four different emotions (happiness, sadness, fear, calmness). Emotional expressions and music scores were presented in combination and in random order for each performer for a total of 5 x 4 stimuli. The experiment allowed for a systematic investigation of the interaction between emotion of each score and intended expressed emotions by performers. A two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA), repeated measures, with factors emotion and score was conducted on the participants' values separately for each of the seven musical factors. There are two main results. The first one is that musical variables were manipulated in the same direction as reported in previous research on emotional expressive music performance. The second one is the identification for each of the five emotions the mean values and ranges of the five musical variables tempo, sound level, articulation, register, and instrument. These values resulted to be independent from the particular score and its emotion. The results presented in this study therefore allow for both the design and control of emotionally expressive computerized musical stimuli that are more ecologically valid than stimuli without performance variations.
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| 4. |
- Cardeña, Etzel, et al.
(författare)
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The neurophenomenology of neutral hypnosis
- 2013
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Ingår i: Cortex. - : Elsevier. - 0010-9452 .- 1973-8102. ; 49:2, s. 375-385
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Introduction: After a hypnotic induction, medium and highly hypnotizable individuals often report spontaneous alterations in various dimensions of consciousness. Few studies investigating these experiences have controlled for the inherent demands of specific hypnotic suggestions and fewer still have considered their dynamic properties and neural correlates. Methods: We adopted a neurophenomenological approach to investigate neutral hypnosis, which involves no specific suggestion other than to go into hypnosis, with 37 individuals of high, medium, and low hypnotizability (Highs, Mediums, and Lows). Their reports of depth and spontaneous experience at baseline, following a hypnotic induction, and then after multiple rest periods were analyzed and related to EEG frequency band power and global functional connectivity. Results: Hypnotizability was marginally associated with lower global functional connectivity during hypnosis. Perceived hypnotic depth increased substantially after the induction especially among Highs and then Mediums, but remained almost unchanged among Lows. In the sample as a whole, depth correlated moderately to strongly with power and/or power heterogeneity for the fast EEG frequencies of beta2, beta3, and gamma, but independently only among Highs. The spontaneous phenomenology of Lows referred primarily to the ongoing experiment and everyday concerns, those of Mediums to vestibular and other bodily experiences, and those of Highs to imagery and positive affect/exceptional experiences. The latter two phenomena were associated with lower global functional connectivity during hypnosis. Imagery correlated positively with gamma power heterogeneity and negatively with alpha1 power heterogeneity. Generally, the pattern of correlations for the Highs was the opposite of that for the Lows. Conclusions: Experienced hypnotic depth and spontaneous phenomena following a neutral hypnotic induction vary as a function of hypnotizability and are related to global functional connectivity and EEG band wave activity.
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| 5. |
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| 6. |
- Fernaeus, Sven-Erik, et al.
(författare)
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Cut the coda : early fluency intervals predict diagnoses
- 2008
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Ingår i: Cortex. - : Elsevier BV. - 0010-9452 .- 1973-8102. ; 44:2, s. 161-169
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The aim of this study was threefold: (i) to clarify whether letter and category fluency tap different cognitive abilities; (ii) to make diagnostic comparisons and predictions using temporally resolved fluency data; (iii) to challenge and test the widely made assumption that 1-min sum scores are the fluency test measure of choice in the diagnosis of dementia. Scores from six 10-sec intervals of letter and category fluency tests were obtained from 240 participants including cognitive levels ranging from mild subjective cognitive complaints to Alzheimer's disease. Factor analysis revealed clearly separate factors corresponding to letter and category fluency. Category fluency was markedly impaired in Alzheimer's disease but not in Mild Cognitive Impairment. Only scores from relatively early intervals predicted Alzheimer's disease and Mild Cognitive Impairment. The conclusions are (i) letter and category fluency are different tests, category fluency being the best diagnostic predictor; (ii) it would be possible to administer category fluency tests only for 30 sec, because after this point the necessary differential diagnostic information about the patient's word fluency capacity has already been gathered.
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| 7. |
- Fischer, Håkan, et al.
(författare)
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Age-related differences in brain regions supporting successful encoding of emotional faces.
- 2010
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Ingår i: Cortex. - Milano : Elsevier BV. - 0010-9452 .- 1973-8102. ; 46:4, s. 490-497
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In an event-related functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) study, younger and older adults were presented with negative emotional (i.e., fearful) and neutral face pictures under incidental learning conditions. They were subsequently given a test of face recognition outside the scanner. Both age groups activated amygdala bilaterally as well as the right hippocampus during successful encoding of the fearful faces. Direct age comparisons revealed greater activation in right amygdala and bilateral hippocampus in the young, whereas older adults showed greater activation in the left insular and right prefrontal cortices. None of these brain areas was activated during successful encoding of neutral faces, suggesting specificity of these brain activation patterns. The results indicate an age-related shift in the neural underpinnings of negative emotional face processing from medial-temporal to neocortical regions.
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| 8. |
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| 9. |
- Gulyás, Erzsébet, et al.
(författare)
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Visual imagery vividness declines across the lifespan
- 2022
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Ingår i: Cortex. - : Elsevier BV. - 0010-9452 .- 1973-8102. ; 154, s. 365-374
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The capacity to elicit vivid visual mental images varies within an extensive range across individuals between hyper- and aphantasia. It is not clear, however, whether imagery vividness is constant across the lifespan or changes during development and later in life. Without enforcing the constraints of strict experimental procedures and representativity across the entire population, our purpose was to explore the self-reported level of imagery vividness and determine the relative proportions of aphantasic/hyperphantasic participants in different age groups. Relying on the frequently used Vividness of Visual Imagery Questionnaire, we collected data on a random sample of 2252 participants between the ages of 12–60 years. We found a novel developmental pattern that describes a declining ability to elicit vivid visual mental images in the group averages of different age groups from adolescence to middle age. This effect involves both a decreasing proportion of individuals with vivid visual imagery vividness and an increasing proportion of individuals with low imagery vividness as maturation (based on bone age assessments in adolescents) and ageing progress. These findings may shed some light on the developmental mechanisms of our internal, stimulus-independent processes, and might also help to determine genetic, maturational, and age-dependent factors in the cases of hyper- and aphantasia.
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| 10. |
- Hazelton, Jessica L., et al.
(författare)
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Thinking versus feeling: How interoception and cognition influence emotion recognition in behavioural-variant frontotemporal dementia, Alzheimers disease, and Parkinsons disease
- 2023
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Ingår i: Cortex. - : ELSEVIER MASSON, CORP OFF. - 0010-9452 .- 1973-8102. ; 163, s. 66-79
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Disease-specific mechanisms underlying emotion recognition difficulties in behavioural -variant frontotemporal dementia (bvFTD), Alzheimers disease (AD), and Parkinsons dis-ease (PD) are unknown. Interoceptive accuracy, accurately detecting internal cues (e.g., ones heart beating), and cognitive abilities are candidate mechanisms underlying emotion recognition.One hundred and sixty-eight participants (52 bvFTD; 41 AD; 24 PD; 51 controls) were recruited. Emotion recognition was measured via the Facial Affect Selection Task or the Mini-Social and Emotional Assessment Emotion Recognition Task. Interoception was assessed with a heartbeat detection task. Participants pressed a button each time they: 1) felt their heartbeat (Interoception); or 2) heard a recorded heartbeat (Exteroception-con-trol). Cognition was measured via the Addenbrookes Cognitive Examination-III or the Montreal Cognitive Assessment. Voxel-based morphometry analyses identified neural correlates associated with emotion recognition and interoceptive accuracy. All patient groups showed worse emotion recognition and cognition than controls (all Ps < .008). Only the bvFTD showed worse interoceptive accuracy than controls (P < .001). Regression analyses revealed that in bvFTD worse interoceptive accuracy predicted worse emotion recognition (P = .008). Whereas worse cognition predicted worse emotion recogni-tion overall (P < .001). Neuroimaging analyses revealed that the insula, orbitofrontal cortex, and amygdala were involved in emotion recognition and interoceptive accuracy in bvFTD. Here, we provide evidence for disease-specific mechanisms for emotion recognition difficulties. In bvFTD, emotion recognition impairment is driven by inaccurate perception of the internal milieu. Whereas, in AD and PD, cognitive impairment likely underlies emotion recognition deficits. The current study furthers our theoretical understanding of emotion and highlights the need for targeted interventions. (c) 2023 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).
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