| 1. |
- Schmid Neset, Tina-Simone, 1973-, et al.
(författare)
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Recycling of phosphorus in urban Sweden: a historical overview to guide a strategy for the future
- 2010
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Ingår i: Water Policy. - : IWA Publishing. - 1366-7017 .- 1996-9759. ; 12:4, s. 611-624
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Sustainable sanitation and food security have been issues in all human history although named differently. This study describes the evolution of sanitation arrangements in the Swedish town Linköping for the period 1870–2000. The flow of phosphorus from food consumption is estimated for the period and its output is divided into gainful reuse in agriculture and energy production and (harmful) losses to the hydrosphere and landfills. The rate of gainful reuse varies dramatically, from very high, up until the 1920s, followed by a drop to almost zero around 1950. Reuse was picking up since the introduction of a phosphorus removal unit at wastewater treatment plants and application of sludge in agriculture from the 1970s, but was followed by a sharp decline at the end of the 20th century. The results from Linköping are applied to scenarios for Sweden as a whole and extended to some anticipated implications for the world in the years to come.
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| 2. |
- Sundell, Anna Lena, et al.
(författare)
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Salivary microbial profiles in 5-year old children with oral clefts : a comparative study
- 2018
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Ingår i: European Archives of Paediatric Dentistry. - : Springer. - 1818-6300 .- 1996-9805. ; 19:1, s. 57-60
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Aim: To compare the salivary microbial profile in children with oral clefts to matched non-cleft controls in a cross-sectional study.Methods: The cleft group consisted of 80 children aged 5 years and 144 age-matched non-cleft children were recruited as a control group. Stimulated whole saliva samples were collected and analysed with checkerboard DNA–DNA hybridisation using 12 pre-determined bacterial probes. Background data on caries, oral hygiene, dietary habits and fluoride exposure were collected from clinical examinations and questionnaires.Results: Children in the cleft group had a significantly higher prevalence of dental caries but only minor differences in the salivary microbial profile were found. In general, the cleft-children displayed a lower prevalence of common commensal species (e.g. Streptococcus, Fusobacterium) when compared with the non-cleft controls. The differences were statistically significant (p < 0.05) but the clinical significance was unclear.Conclusions: The profile of the salivary microflora in 5-year-old children with and without oral clefts was basically similar and displayed only marginal differences with respect to commensal bacteria.
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| 3. |
- Jadhav, Suraj Dinkar, et al.
(författare)
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Influence of Carbon Nanoparticle Addition (and Impurities) on Selective Laser Melting of Pure Copper
- 2019
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Ingår i: Materials. - : MDPI AG. - 1996-1944. ; 12:15
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The addition of 0.1 wt % carbon nanoparticles significantly improved the optical absorption and flowability of gas-atomized copper powder. This facilitated selective laser melting (SLM) by reducing the required laser energy density to obtain 98% dense parts. Moreover, the carbon addition led to an in situ de-oxidation of the copper parts during the SLM process. The properties of the as-built copper parts were limited to a tensile strength of 125 MPa, a ductility of 3%, and an electrical conductivity of 22.7 × 106 S/m, despite the advantageous effect of carbon on the powder characteristics and SLM behavior. The modest mechanical properties were associated with the segregation of carbon nanoparticles and other impurities, such as phosphorus and oxygen along grain boundaries of epitaxially grown grains. Whereas, the low electrical conductivity was mainly attributed to the phosphorus impurity in solid-solution with copper.
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| 4. |
- Karygianni, Lamprini, et al.
(författare)
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Initial bacterial adhesion on different yttria-stabilized tetragonal zirconia implant surfaces in vitro
- 2013
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Ingår i: Materials. - : MDPI AG. - 1996-1944. ; 6:12, s. 5659-5674
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Bacterial adhesion to implant biomaterials constitutes a virulence factor leading to biofilm formation, infection and treatment failure. The aim of this study was to examine the initial bacterial adhesion on different implant materials in vitro. Four implant biomaterials were incubated with Enterococcus faecalis, Staphylococcus aureus and Candida albicans for 2h: 3mol % yttria-stabilized tetragonal zirconia polycrystal surface (B1a), B1a with zirconium oxide (ZrO2) coating (B2a), B1a with zirconia-based composite coating (B1b) and B1a with zirconia-based composite and ZrO2 coatings (B2b). Bovine enamel slabs (BES) served as control. The adherent microorganisms were quantified and visualized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM); DAPI and live/dead staining. The lowest bacterial count of E. faecalis was detected on BES and the highest on B1a. The fewest vital C. albicans strains (42.22%) were detected on B2a surfaces, while most E. faecalis and S. aureus strains (approximately 80%) were vital overall. Compared to BES; coated and uncoated zirconia substrata exhibited no anti-adhesive properties. Further improvement of the material surface characteristics is essential.
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| 5. |
- Malm, Veronica, et al.
(författare)
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Characterisation of Electrical and Stiffness Properties of Conductive Textile Coatings with Metal Flake-shaped Fillers
- 2019
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Ingår i: Materials. - : MDPI AG. - 1996-1944. ; 12:21, s. 1-18
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Two conductive formulations containing different types of micron-sized metal flakes (silver-coated copper (Cu) and pure silver (Ag)) were characterised and used to form highly electrically conductive coatings (conductors) on plain and base-coated woven fabrics, the latter in an encapsulated construction. With e-textiles as the intended application, the fabric stiffness, in terms of flexural stiffness and sheet resistance (Rsh), after durability testing (laundering and abrasion) was investigated and related to user friendliness and long-term performance. Bare and encapsulated conductors with increasing amounts of deposited solids were fabricated by adjusting the knife coating parameters, such as the coating gap height (5, 20, 50, and 200 μm), which reduced the Rsh, as determined by four-point probe (4PP) measurements; however, this improvement was at the expense of increased flexural stiffness of the coated fabrics. The addition of a melamine derivative (MF) as a cross-linker to the Cu formulation and the encapsulation of both conductor types gave the best trade-off between durability and Rsh, as confirmed by 4PP measurements. However, the infrared camera images revealed the formation of hotspots within the bare conductor matrix, although low resistances (determined by 4PP) and no microstructural defects (determined by SEM) were detected. These results stress the importance of thorough investigation to assure the design of reliable conductors applied on textiles requiring this type of maintenance.
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| 6. |
- Matysiak, Hubert, et al.
(författare)
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Microstructure of Haynes® 282® Superalloy after Vacuum Induction Melting and Investment Casting of Thin-Walled Components
- 2013
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Ingår i: Materials. - : MDPI AG. - 1996-1944. ; 6:11, s. 5016-5037
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The aim of this work was to characterize the microstructure of the as-cast Haynes® 282® alloy. Observations and analyses were carried out using techniques such as X-ray diffraction (XRD), light microscopy (LM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), wave length dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (WDS), auger electron spectroscopy (AES) and electron energy-loss spectrometry (EELS). The phases identified in the as-cast alloy include: γ (gamma matrix), γʹ (matrix strengthening phase), (TiMoCr)C (primary carbide), TiN (primary nitride), σ (sigma-TCP phase), (TiMo)2SC (carbosulphide) and a lamellar constituent consisting of molybdenum and chromium rich secondary carbide phase together with γ phase. Within the dendrites the γʹ appears mostly in the form of spherical, nanometric precipitates (74 nm), while coarser (113 nm) cubic γʹ precipitates are present in the interdendritic areas. Volume fraction content of the γʹ precipitates in the dendrites and interdendritic areas are 9.6% and 8.5%, respectively. Primary nitrides metallic nitrides (MN), are homogeneously dispersed in the as-cast microstructure, while primary carbides metallic carbides (MC), preferentially precipitate in interdendritic areas. Such preference is also observed in the case of globular σ phase. Lamellar constituents characterized as secondary carbides/γ phases were together with (TiMo)2SC phase always observed adjacent to σ phase precipitates. Crystallographic relations were established in-between the MC, σ, secondary carbides and γ/γʹ matrix.
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| 7. |
- Raza, Mohsin, et al.
(författare)
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Interaction and UV-stability of various organic capping agents on the surface of anatase nanoparticles
- 2014
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Ingår i: Materials. - : MDPI AG. - 1996-1944. ; 7:4, s. 2890-2912
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Anatase nanoparticles synthesized by the sol-gel method were surface-functionalized with long alkyl chain coupling agents as compatibilizers for a nonpolar environment, containing different anchor groups for surface interaction namely phosphonate (dodecyl phosphonate), carboxylate (dodecanoic acid), sulfate (sodium dodecyl sulphate), and amine (dodecyl amine). It was shown that the surface of the nanoparticles can be functionalized with the various surface groups applying similar reaction conditions. The kind of surface interaction was analyzed applying FTIR spectroscopy. The phosphonate and the carboxylate groups interact with the surface via quite strong covalent or coordinative interactions, respectively. The sulfate and amine based coupling agents on the other hand exhibit electrostatic interactions. UV stability studies of the surface bound groups revealed different degradation mechanisms for the various functionalities and moreover showed that phosphonates are the most stable among the investigated surface capping groups.
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| 8. |
- Tadesse, Melkie Getnet, 1984-, et al.
(författare)
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Low-Stress Mechanical Property Study of VariousFunctional Fabrics for Tactile Property Evaluation
- 2018
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Ingår i: Materials. - : MDPI. - 1996-1944. ; 11:2466
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Functional finishing brings an alteration on the mechanical and surface properties of textilematerials and henceforth influences the tactile properties. In this work, Kawabata evaluation systems(KES) for fabrics were utilized to notice the changes in the tactile properties of fabrics resultingfrom different finishing types such as inkjet printing, screen printing, and coating. The effects offunctional finishing on the fabric’s tactile property were inconsistent with reference to the courseof decrease or increase being dependent on the types of finishes. The findings showed that KEScan be employed as a promising tool to sort out the suitable functional finishing types in termsof tactile properties. Amongst the implemented finishing types, inkjet printing offered superiortactile properties with respect to tensile energy (softness), shear rigidity, compressional softness,bending stiffness (drapability), and surface properties. The KES results confirmed that low-stressmechanical properties are strongly associated with the tactile property and might assist as a qualityprofile data source for guaranteeing the production and development of a virtuous quality product.The result encourages further utilization of the KES for functional fabric tactile property evaluation.
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| 9. |
- Zhang, Renyun, et al.
(författare)
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Porous Gold Films : A Short Review on Recent Progress
- 2014
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Ingår i: Materials. - Switzerland : MDPI AG. - 1996-1944. ; 7, s. 3834-3854
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- Porous gold films have attracted increasing interest over the last ten years due to the unique properties of high specific surface area and electrical conductivity combined with chemical stability and ability to alter the surface chemistry. Several methods have been developed to synthesize porous gold films such as de-alloying, templating, electrochemical, and self-assembling. These porous gold films are used in diverse fields, for example, as electrochemical and Raman sensors or for chemical catalysis. Here, we provide a short review on the progress of porous gold films over the past ten years, including the synthesis and applications of such films.
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| 10. |
- Ånmark, Niclas, 1987-, et al.
(författare)
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The Effect of Different Non-Metallic Inclusions on the Machinability of Steel
- 2015
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Ingår i: Materials. - Basel, Schweiz : MDPI AG. - 1996-1944. ; 8:2, s. 751-783
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Considerable research has been conducted over recent decades on the role of non-metallic inclusions and their link to the machinability of different steels. The present work reviews the mechanisms of steel fractures during different mechanical machining operations and the behavior of various non-metallic inclusions in a cutting zone. More specifically, the effects of composition, size, number and morphology of inclusions on machinability factors (such as cutting tool wear, power consumption, etc.) are discussed and summarized. Finally, some methods for modification of non-metallic inclusions in the liquid steel are considered to obtain a desired balance between mechanical properties and machinability of various steel grades.
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