| 1. |
- Adesam, Yvonne, 1975, et al.
(författare)
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The Koala Part-of-Speech Tagset
- 2019
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Ingår i: Northern European Journal of Language Technology. - : Linkoping University Electronic Press. - 2000-1533. ; 6, s. 5-41
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We present the Koala part-of-speech tagset for written Swedish. The categorization takes the Swedish Academy Grammar (SAG) as its main starting point, to fit with the current descriptive view on Swedish grammar. We argue that neither SAG, as is, nor any of the existing part-of-speech tagsets meet our requirements for a broadly applicable categorization. Our proposal is outlined and compared to the other descriptions, and motivations for both the tagset as a whole as well as decisions about individual tags are discussed.
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| 2. |
- Keskisärkkä, Robin, et al.
(författare)
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Investigations of Synonym Replacement for Swedish
- 2013
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Ingår i: Northern European Journal of Language Technology (NEJLT). - Linköping, Sverige : Linköping University Electronic Press. - 2000-1533. ; 3:3, s. 41-59
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We present results from an investigation on automatic synonym replacement for Swedish. Three different methods for choosing alternative synonyms were evaluated: (1) based on word frequency, (2) based on word length, and (3) based on level of synonymy. These three strategies were evaluated in terms of standardized readability metrics for Swedish, average word length, proportion of long words, and in relation to the ratio of errors in relation to replacements. The results show an improvement in readability for most strategies, but also show that erroneous substitutions are frequent.
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| 3. |
- Kuhlmann, Marco, 1977-, et al.
(författare)
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Transition-Based Techniques for Non-Projective Dependency Parsing
- 2010
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Ingår i: Northern European Journal of Language Technology (NEJLT). - Linköping, Sweden : Linkoping University Electronic Press. - 2000-1533. ; 2:1, s. 1-19
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We present an empirical evaluation of three methods for the treatment of non-projective structures in transition-based dependency parsing: pseudo-projective parsing, non-adjacent arc transitions, and online reordering. We compare both the theoretical coverage and the empirical performance of these methods using data from Czech, English and German. The results show that although online reordering is the only method with complete theoretical coverage, all three techniques exhibit high precision but somewhat lower recall on non-projective dependencies and can all improve overall parsing accuracy provided that non-projective dependencies are frequent enough. We also find that the use of non-adjacent arc transitions may lead to a drop in accuracy on projective dependencies in the presence of long-distance non-projective dependencies, an effect that is not found for the two other techniques.
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| 4. |
- Kurtz, Robin, et al.
(författare)
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The Interplay Between Loss Functions and Structural Constraints in Dependency Parsing
- 2019
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Ingår i: Northern European Journal of Language Technology (NEJLT). - : Linkoping University Electronic Press. - 2000-1533. ; 6, s. 43-66
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Dependency parsing can be cast as a combinatorial optimization problem with the objective to find the highest-scoring graph, where edge scores are learnt from data. Several of the decoding algorithms that have been applied to this task employ structural restrictions on candidate solutions, such as the restriction to projective dependency trees in syntactic parsing, or the restriction to noncrossing graphs in semantic parsing. In this paper we study the interplay between structural restrictions and a common loss function in neural dependency parsing, the structural hingeloss. We show how structural constraints can make networks trained under this loss function diverge and propose a modified loss function that solves this problem. Our experimental evaluation shows that the modified loss function can yield improved parsing accuracy, compared to the unmodified baseline.
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| 5. |
- Nilsson Björkenstam, Kristina
(författare)
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SUC-CORE : A Balanced Corpus Annotated with Noun Phrase Coreference
- 2013
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Ingår i: Northern European Journal of Language Technology (NEJLT). - : Linkoping University Electronic Press. - 2000-1533. ; 3:2, s. 19-39
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper describes SUC-CORE, a subset of the Stockholm Umeå Corpus and the Swedish Treebank annotated with noun phrase coreference. While most coreference annotated corpora consist of texts of similar types within related domains, SUC-CORE consists of both informative and imaginative prose and covers a wide range of literary genres and domains.This allows for exploration of coreference across different text types, but it also means that there are limited amounts of data within each type. Future work on coreference resolution for Swedish should include making more annotated data available for the research community.
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| 6. |
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Special Issue of Selected Contributions from the Seventh Swedish Language Technology Conference (SLTC 2018)
- 2019
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Ingår i: Northern European Journal of Language Technology. - : Linköping University Electronic Press. - 2000-1533.
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Proceedings (redaktörskap) (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This Special Issue contains three papers that are extended versions of abstracts presented at the Seventh Swedish Language Technology Conference (SLTC 2018), held at Stockholm University 8–9 November 2018.1 SLTC 2018 received 34 submissions, of which 31 were accepted for presentation. The number of registered participants was 113, including both attendees at SLTC 2018 and two co-located workshops that took place on 7 November. 32 participants were internationally affiliated, of which 14 were from outside the Nordic countries. Overall participation was thus on a par with previous editions of SLTC, but international participation was higher.
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| 7. |
- Volodina, Elena, 1973, et al.
(författare)
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The SweLL Language Learner Corpus: From Design to Annotation
- 2019
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Ingår i: Northern European Journal of Language Technology. - : Linkoping University Electronic Press. - 2000-1533. ; 6, s. 67-104
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The article presents a new language learner corpus for Swedish, SweLL, and the methodology from collection and pesudonymisation to protect personal information of learners to annotation adapted to second language learning. The main aim is to deliver a well-annotated corpus of essays written by second language learners of Swedish and make it available for research through a browsable environment. To that end, a new annotation tool and a new project management tool have been implemented, – both with the main purpose to ensure reliability and quality of the final corpus. In the article we discuss reasoning behind metadata selection, principles of gold corpus compilation and argue for separation of normalization from correction annotation.
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| 8. |
- Östling, Robert, 1986-
(författare)
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Part of Speech Tagging : Shallow or Deep Learning?
- 2018
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Ingår i: Northern European Journal of Language Technology (NEJLT). - : Linkoping University Electronic Press. - 2000-1533. ; 5:1, s. 1-15
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Deep neural networks have advanced the state of the art in numerous fields, but they generally suffer from low computational efficiency and the level of improvement compared to more efficient machine learning models is not always significant. We perform a thorough PoS tagging evaluation on the Universal Dependencies treebanks, pitting a state-of-the-art neural network approach against UDPipe and our sparse structured perceptron-based tagger, efselab. In terms of computational efficiency, efselab is three orders of magnitude faster than the neural network model, while being more accurate than either of the other systems on 47 of 65 treebanks.
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| 9. |
- Östling, Robert, 1986-
(författare)
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Stagger : an Open-Source Part of Speech Tagger for Swedish
- 2013
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Ingår i: Northern European Journal of Language Technology (NEJLT). - : Linkoping University Electronic Press. - 2000-1533. ; 3, s. 1-18
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This work presents Stagger, a new open-source part of speech tagger for Swedish based on the Averaged Perceptron. By using the SALDO morphological lexicon and semi-supervised learning in the form of Collobert andWeston embeddings, it reaches an accuracy of 96.4% on the standard Stockholm-Umeå Corpus dataset, making it the best single part of speech tagging system reported for Swedish. Accuracy increases to 96.6% on the latest version of the corpus, where the annotation has been revised to increase consistency. Stagger is also evaluated on a new corpus of Swedish blog posts, investigating its out-of-domain performance.
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| 10. |
- Alfter, David, 1986, et al.
(författare)
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Crowdsourcing Relative Rankings of Multi-Word Expressions: Experts versus Non-Experts
- 2021
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Ingår i: Northern European Journal of Language Technology (NEJLT). - : Linkoping University Electronic Press. - 2000-1533. ; 7:1
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In this study we investigate to which degree experts and non-experts agree on questions of difficulty in a crowdsourcing experiment. We ask non-experts (second language learners of Swedish) and two groups of experts (teachers of Swedish as a second/foreign language and CEFR experts) to rank multi-word expressions in a crowdsourcing experiment. We find that the resulting rankings by all the three tested groups correlate to a very high degree, which suggests that judgments produced in a comparative setting are not influenced by professional insights into Swedish as a second language.
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