| 1. |
- Agahi, Neda, et al.
(författare)
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Alcohol Consumption Over the Retirement Transition in Sweden : Different Trajectories Based on Education
- 2022
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Ingår i: Work, Aging and Retirement. - : Oxford University Press. - 2054-4642 .- 2054-4650. ; 8:1, s. 74-81
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Retirement is a major life transition that involves changes to everyday routines, roles, and habits. Previous studies suggest that retirement may influence drinking habits. Many natural inhibitors of alcohol consumption disappear with the removal of work constraints. The potential impact depends on both individual and contextual factors. Women in the cohorts undergoing retirement now have been more active on the labor market, including the occupation of higher status jobs, which indicates more financial resources as well as a larger role loss after retirement. Also, the current cohorts who retire have had more liberal drinking habits throughout their lives compared to previous cohorts. We therefore examined changes in alcohol consumption surrounding retirement in different education groups among women and men undergoing retirement using annual data from the Health, Aging and Retirement Transitions in Sweden (HEARTS) study, a longitudinal national study of 60- to 66-year-olds (n = 5,913), from 2015 to 2018. Latent growth curve models were used to estimate trajectories of alcohol consumption. Results showed that those who retired during the follow-up increased their usual weekly alcohol consumption while those who worked or were retired throughout the period had stable drinking habits. Those who were retired reported the highest alcohol consumption. The increase surrounding retirement was driven by people with higher education. Women with tertiary education and men with intermediate or tertiary education increased their weekly alcohol intake after retirement, while those with low education had unchanged drinking habits. Mechanisms and motivations that may fuel increased alcohol intake among people with higher education should be further investigated.
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| 2. |
- Brydsten, Anna, et al.
(författare)
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The Road to Retirement: A Life Course Perspective on Labor Market Trajectories and Retirement Behaviors
- 2023
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Ingår i: Work Aging and Retirement. - : Oxford University Press. - 2054-4642 .- 2054-4650.
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- While a prolonged working life has been mainly feasible for people with the most advantageous working careers, knowledge about the barriers for those with vulnerable occupational paths is still scarce. This study explores the conditions for prolonged working life from a perspective on labor market trajectories. Drawing from a gendered life course perspective and that (dis)advantageous tends to accumulate over time, we investigate the opportunity structure for the most disadvantaged workers and which characteristics of labor market trajectories can explain the decision to work longer. To this end, a Swedish longitudinal survey and register data from the Panel Survey of Ageing and the Elderly (PSAE) were used, following people across a substantial part of their working life. With sequence analysis, we identified 5 trajectories that represent typical labor market trajectories from mid-life until retirement age. Our findings showed that labor market precarity in mid-life remained a key characteristic until the expected retirement age, showing both early signs of early labor market exit and a precarity trap into a prolonged working life. These findings emphasize the need to identify at-risk groups early in their careers and that mid-life interventions are needed to prevent involuntary labor market exits and to ensure a sustainable working life. In particular, the need to protect older workers with turbulent or precarious labor market trajectories against labor market risks and retirement schemes that could inadvertently contribute to increased social and economic inequality in later life.
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| 3. |
- Cahill, Kevin E., et al.
(författare)
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Does Bridge Employment Mitigate or Exacerbate Inequalities Later in Life?
- 2024
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Ingår i: Work, Aging and Retirement. - : Oxford University Press. - 2054-4642 .- 2054-4650. ; 10:2, s. 77-99
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Most older Americans with career employment change jobs at least once before retiring from the labor market. Much is known about the prevalence and determinants of these bridge jobs, yet relatively little is known about the implications of such job changes—compared to direct exits from a career job—upon economic disparities in later life. In this article, we use 26 years of longitudinal data from the Health and Retirement Study to document the various pathways that older Americans take when exiting the labor force, and examine how bridge employment affects nonhousing wealth and total wealth, including the present discounted value of Social Security benefits. We find that gradual retirement in the form of bridge employment neither exacerbates nor mitigates wealth inequalities among Americans who hold career jobs later in life. That said, we do find some evidence that wealth inequalities grow among the subset of older career workers who transition from career employment to bridge employment at older ages. One policy implication of our article is that it provides evidence that might allay concerns about the potential for disparate financial impacts associated with the gradual retirement process.
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| 4. |
- Doctrinal, Laure
(författare)
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Changes in Private Pensions and Income Inequality in Retirement : A Decomposition Analysis by Income Source in Nine European Countries (1986-2018)
- 2023
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Ingår i: Work, Aging and Retirement. - 2054-4642 .- 2054-4650.
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Private pensions have expanded in many European countries in recent decades, albeit to different extents. As private pensions historically have been distributed more unequally than public pensions, it is reasonable to expect that pension privatization has increased the dispersion of incomes among the retired. However, few studies have tested this empirically. The purpose of this study is to assess to what extent the expansion of private pensions affects income inequality among the retired. Using microdata from the Luxembourg Income Study, decomposition analyses of income inequality by income source are conducted in nine European countries around 1986 and 2018. To account for cross-country variations in the public-private pension mix, the study distinguishes between mature multi-pillar systems, emergent multi-pillar systems, and dominant public systems. The results highlight an interesting paradox: while higher shares of private pensions in retirement incomes have a substantial inequality-increasing effect, overall income inequality among the retired has not necessarily increased. There are two reasons for this. First, the increased inequality resulting from the larger shares of private pensions were compensated for, either fully or partially, by more equally distributed public pensions in emergent multi-pillar systems and by declining shares of capital income in mature multi-pillar systems. Second, the private pensions became more equally distributed among the retired in most countries.
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| 5. |
- Dropkin, Jonathan, et al.
(författare)
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Blended work as a bridge between traditional workplace employment and retirement: a conceptual review
- 2016
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Ingår i: Work, Aging and Retirement. - : Oxford University Press (OUP). - 2054-4642 .- 2054-4650. ; 2:4, s. 373-383
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- Because of population aging, the consensus among policy makers is that employment in older workers must increase. However, methods for attaining this are uncertain. Blended work, which consists of working anywhere and any-time with information and communication technology, may help achieve this goal. The article focuses on 4 top-ics related to older workers and blended work: the benefits, risks, individual- and organizational-level barriers, and organizational and government interventions and policies designed to remove these risks and barriers. Legislation to protect against age discrimination and disability associated with age is also reviewed. The objectives are to dis-cuss the literature on blended work and the older worker and highlight some consequences the Age Discrimination in Employment Act and American with Disabilities Act may have on blended work. Delaying retirement through blended work could promote older workers’ health and well-being, but risks and barriers at individual- and organi-zational-levels are not inconsequential. At the individual level, these include social isolation, and managements’ loss of control over employees at the organizational level. Potential interventions include developing blended work as an employee benefit to replace long distance travel. Federal policies include providing subsidies to state and local gov-ernments to reduce costs of upgrading broadband fiber-optic cables. Specific subgroups of workers are more likely to benefit from blended work. Older white collar professionals with good technological and computer skills and who can work independently are one subgroup that might fit a blended worker personality.
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| 6. |
- Eyjólfsdóttir, Harpa Sif, et al.
(författare)
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Are trajectories of self-rated health and physical working capacity during the retirement transition predicted by work-related factors and social class?
- 2024
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Ingår i: Work, Aging and Retirement. - 2054-4642 .- 2054-4650.
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We aimed to identify short and long-term trajectories of self-rated health (SRH) and physical working capacity during the retirement transition, and investigate whether work-related factors and social class predict belonging to these trajectories. We used the representative, biennial Swedish Longitudinal Occupational Survey of Health (SLOSH) 2006–2018. We applied group-based trajectory modeling with B-spline smoothers to model trajectories of SRH (n = 2,183) and physical working capacity (n = 2,152) during the retirement transition. Multinomial logistic regression analyses were conducted to investigate trajectory belonging by work-related factors and social class. There was a small “honeymoon effect” in SRH for the total sample. We found four trajectories of SRH and five of physical working capacity. The large majority sustained excellent or good SRH and physical working capacity throughout the study period. Almost 6% had Fairly poor SRH and physical working capacity starting from years before retirement, which remained throughout the study period. High job demands, low job control, adverse physical working conditions, and being in manual occupation increased the likelihood of belonging to the trajectory groups Deteriorating or Fairly poor when compared with the Excellent trajectory group for both SRH and physical working capacity. Our findings suggest that for most people health status is already established some years’ preretirement and maintained for years after retirement, except a short improvement in SRH in accordance with a honeymoon effect. In order to improve health and employability, interventions focusing on working environment should be aimed at younger and midlife employees as well as older workers.
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| 7. |
- Hansson, Isabelle, 1988, et al.
(författare)
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Changes in Life Satisfaction in the Retirement Transition: Interaction Effects of Transition Type and Individual Resources
- 2018
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Ingår i: Work, Aging and Retirement. - : Oxford University Press (OUP). - 2054-4642 .- 2054-4650. ; 4:4, s. 352-366
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The impact of retirement on well-being varies between individuals, but also within individuals over time. Type of transition and individual differences in resource capability are two factors likely to influence the retirement adjustment process, but we still lack in our understanding of the importance of these factors in relation to each other. 'I he aim of this study was to investigate interaction effects of transition type and individual resources on changes in life satisfaction in the retirement transition. We studied changes in life satisfaction over 1 year in a sample of 3,471 older adults from the population-based HEalth, Ageing, and Retirement Transitions in Sweden (HEARTS) study. The sample included participants retiring gradually (n = 360) or fully (n = 346) between the two measurement points as well those continuously working (n = 1,860) or retired (n = 905) in both waves. Resources evaluated for their role in the transition included baseline measures of self-esteem, autonomy, social support, self-rated physical health, self-rated cognitive ability, and basic financial assets. Results from multiple group latent change score models showed that retirement transition type and individual differences in resource capability variously influenced changes in life satisfaction. The six resources accounted for a larger proportion of individual differences in change among those who retired between the two waves (21.2%) than in those whose retirement status remained unchanged (12.6%). In addition, a larger proportion of variability in changes in life satisfaction were explained in abrupt (31.4%) than in gradual (11.7%) retirement.
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| 8. |
- Henning, Georg, 1989, et al.
(författare)
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Preretirement Work Motivation and Subsequent Retirement Adjustment: A Self-Determination Theory Perspective
- 2019
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Ingår i: Work, Aging and Retirement. - : Oxford University Press (OUP). - 2054-4642 .- 2054-4650.
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Research grounded in self-determination theory confirms the importance of different types of work motivation for well-being and job performance. Less is known about the role of work motivation at the end of one’s working life and its association with adjustment to retirement. We investigated the association between preretirement work motivation and retirement adjustment in a subsample of the Health, Aging and Retirement Transitions in Sweden (HEARTS) study. We included participants (n = 572) who retired between two annual waves in this longitudinal study. Retirement adjustment was operationalized as change between waves in satisfaction of the three basic psychological needs (autonomy, competence, and relatedness). The association between preretirement work motivation and retirement adjustment varied depending on the subdimension of motivation (intrinsic, identified, introjected, external, or amotivation), type of transition (full vs. partial), and the particular need (autonomy, competence, and relatedness). In line with our expectations, low intrinsic work motivation was associated with gains in autonomy satisfaction for full-time retirees, which may be interpreted as a relief from dissatisfying jobs. Among those who continued to work, high intrinsic motivation was related to increases in relatedness satisfaction, that is, retirees who were intrinsically motivated for their work seem to benefit from continuing to work in retirement. In contrast to our expectations, amotivation before retirement was associated with gains in relatedness satisfaction for those continuing to work. Our results highlight the complexity of retirement and the need to study postretirement adjustment as a multifaceted and multidirectional process.
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| 9. |
- Henning, G., et al.
(författare)
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Retirement Adjustment in Germany From 1996 to 2014
- 2022
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Ingår i: Work Aging and Retirement. - : Oxford University Press (OUP). - 2054-4642 .- 2054-4650. ; 8:3, s. 304-321
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The context of retirement has changed over the last decades, but there is little knowledge on whether the quality of retirement adjustment has changed as well. Changes in retirement regulations and historical differences in resources may affect the quality of adjustment and increase inequalities between different socioeconomic groups. In the present study, we investigated historical differences in retirement adjustment by comparing cross-sectional samples of retirees from 1996, 2002, 2008, and 2014, based on the population-based German Ageing Survey. Adjustment was measured with three different indicators (perceived change in life after retirement, retirement satisfaction, adjustment difficulties). Retirement satisfaction was higher in later samples, but for the other two outcomes, there was no evidence for systematic increases or decreases in levels of retirement adjustment with historical time over the studied period. White-collar workers reported better adjustment than blue-collar workers did, and for two of three outcomes, this effect was stable over time. The white-collar workers' advantage concerning retirement satisfaction, however, increased. We conclude that in Germany, at least for those who retire within the usual time window, adjustment quality has not changed systematically over the examined 18-year period. We only found mixed evidence for a growing social inequality in the retirement adjustment. However, as individual agency in choosing one's retirement timing and pathway is increasingly restricted, social inequalities in well-being before retirement may increase.
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| 10. |
- Jonsson, Robin, 1986, et al.
(författare)
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Matching the Pieces: The Presence of Idiosyncratic Deals and Their Impact on Retirement Preferences Among Older Workers
- 2021
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Ingår i: Work, Aging and Retirement. - Oxford : Oxford University Press. - 2054-4642 .- 2054-4650. ; 7:3, s. 240-255
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Despite working life prolongation having been at the center of the policy agenda in Europe for the last two decades, organizations’ engagement in formal age-management activities intended to strengthen older workers’ motivation and work ability appears limited. Given policies to extend working lives, negotiated individualized work arrangements—often called idiosyncratic deals (I-deals)—can be an informal and complementary approach to formalized age-management practices, improving the person–job fit and helping older workers extend their working lives. Nevertheless, research on I-deals and retirement preferences remains scarce in the Nordic context, where collective agreements regulate conditions of employment and the employer–employee relationship. Using confirmatory factor analysis and structural equation modeling, this study examines five areas of I-deals (i.e., Task and Work Responsibilities, Workload Reduction, Schedule Flexibility, Location Flexibility, and Financial Incentives) and their relationships with retirement preferences among Swedish public-sector employees aged 55 years or older (n = 4,499). Findings show that I-deals are generally less prevalent among women and older employees, as well as among those with poor health, in lower socioeconomic positions, and with shorter organizational tenure. Regarding retirement preferences, we found Task and Work Responsibilities to be related to later preferred retirement age, while, surprisingly, the opposite was observed for Workload Reduction, probably because individuals who received workload reductions also reported poorer health. Comparatively, factors such as matching employees’ competence, experience, and growth opportunities seem to be the most important for public-sector employees’ retirement preferences.
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