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| 2. |
- Boman, Mattias, et al.
(författare)
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Pick a number, but not just any number: valuation uncertainty and maximum willingness to pay
- 2017
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Ingår i: Journal of Environmental Economics and Policy. - : Informa UK Limited. - 2160-6544 .- 2160-6552. ; 6, s. 283-304
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Empirical results suggest that contingent valuation method (CVM) respondents are uncertain of their valuations, which has led critics of the method to raise issues about its validity. Alternative approaches to resolve the problem have been proposed, involving different willingness to pay (WTP) response formats allowing respondents to explicitly express uncertainty. This paper compares differences between certain and uncertain responses for four different response formats. The results suggested that mean and median (WTP) were not significantly different for respondents who were certain about their valuations. This was generally not the case for respondents who were uncertain about their valuations. However, the median WTP was not found to be significantly different for uncertain and certain respondents. A conclusion for a standard CVM application is that the sample median WTP value could serve as a proxy measure of population maximum mean WTP when uncertainty has been removed.
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| 3. |
- Dikgang, Johane, et al.
(författare)
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Local communities’ valuation of environmental amenities around the Kgalagadi Transfrontier Park in Southern Africa
- 2017
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Ingår i: Journal of Environmental Economics and Policy. - : Taylor & Francis. - 2160-6544 .- 2160-6552. ; 6:2, s. 168-182
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper seeks to examine how communities value a variety of drylandenvironmental amenities provided by the Kgalagadi Transfontier Parkwhere there is an interest in limiting their access, both in order to protectthe environment and in order to make it more attractive for tourists. Thisis done using a choice experiment, which targeted households in theKgalagadi area. The values placed on environmental amenities byindigenous communities are estimated using a conditional logit model, arandom parameter logit model and a random parameter logit model withinteractions. The results show that local communities would prefer gettingincreased grazing opportunities and bush food collection. This is animportant policy issue in itself, and it also ties in well with on-goingdiscussions on how to compensate (or at least attach reasonable costestimates to) losses to local communities linked to environmentalpreservation policies.
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| 4. |
- Flachenecker, Florian, et al.
(författare)
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The causal impact of economic growth on material use in Europe
- 2017
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Ingår i: Journal of Environmental Economics and Policy. - : Informa UK Limited. - 2160-6544 .- 2160-6552. ; 6:4, s. 415-432
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Several scholars and policy makers have claimed that Europe, and Western Europe in particular, has managed to ‘decouple’ economic growth from material use. We identify and address one major limitation in the existing literature – failure to take the endogeneity of economic growth into account. Based on a panel data set of 32 European countries from 2000 to 2014, we estimate the causal impact of gross domestic product (GDP) on domestic material consumption (DMC) applying an instrumental variable approach. We use the number of storm occurrences as an instrument for GDP, which we show is both relevant and valid. Our results provide new evidence that increasing the GDP growth rate causes the DMC growth rate to increase for Western Europe, whereas the effect is insignificant for the Eastern European economies and Europe as a whole. As our results partly question current wisdom on the achievements of ‘decoupling’, especially among European policy makers, we offer two explanations that are consistent with these results.
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| 5. |
- Håkansson, Cecilia, et al.
(författare)
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Estimating Distributional Effects of Environmental Policy in Swedish Coastal Environments : A Walk along different Socio-economic Dimensions
- 2016
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Ingår i: Journal of Environmental Economics and Policy. - : Taylor & Francis. - 2160-6544 .- 2160-6552. ; 5:1, s. 49-78
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper studies distributional effects of environmental policies in Swedish coastal environments, in monetary and environmental quality terms, for different dimensions: income, gender, age, non-users vs. users, distance, familiarity, and origin (if people have a Swedish background or not). The study area is widely used for different recreational activities and has a mix of different visitors. The data come from a choice experiment study. The results indicate that latent class modelling can be used to identify how monetary preferences vary between different groups of respondents, and largely confirm the limited existing knowledge from the previous research on distributional effects of environmental policies. However, the previous literature on distributional effects related to background is very limited, making it hard to draw comparisons. The results in our paper also show that the distributional effects differ depending on the environmental amenity. These results are of policy relevance since coastal environments are important for people's well-being and associated with positive health effects.
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| 6. |
- Ikegami, Masako, et al.
(författare)
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Does energy aid reduce CO2 emission intensities in developing countries?
- 2021
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Ingår i: Journal of Environmental Economics and Policy. - : Taylor & Francis. - 2160-6544 .- 2160-6552. ; 10:4, s. 343-358
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Whether energy aid contributes to the reduction of CO2 emissions in developing countries is an unresolved question. We investigate whether the OECD Development Assistance Committee members' energy aid can help reduce CO2 emission intensities in 64 recipient countries over the period 1995-2014. We find that once lagged energy aid - when measured in terms of once lagged GDP, in absolute terms, or in terms of once lagged total sectoral aid - is effective in reducing the recipients' subsequent CO2 emission intensities. Importantly, we find highly varied effects of energy aid on the recipients' CO2 emission intensities - fossil fuel-rich (poor) countries stand to benefit least (most) from receiving energy aid. Our findings point towards the merit of energy aid as a policy tool in achieving the CO2 emission reduction goals and the necessity for bilateral aid donors to take into account the recipients' fossil fuel abundance when making provisions for energy aid.
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| 7. |
- Jaraite, Jurate, 1983-, et al.
(författare)
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The effects of climate policy on environmental expenditure and investments : evidence from Sweden
- 2014
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Ingår i: Journal of Environmental Economics and Policy. - : Taylor & Francis. - 2160-6544 .- 2160-6552. ; 3:2, s. 148-166
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This study provides new evidence on the determinants of environmental expenditure and investment. In particular, it investigates how environmental expenditure and investment of Swedish industrial firms responded to climate policies, such as the European Union's Emission Trading System (EU ETS) and the Swedish CO2 tax, directed to mitigate air pollution. Overall, an important conclusion of this analysis is that climate policies, both on the national and international levels, were highly relevant motivations for firm environmental expenditure. However, the findings do not support the expectations that the EU ETS and the Swedish CO2 tax encouraged investment in air pollution abatement.
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| 8. |
- Johansson, Per-Olov
(författare)
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The 2018 reform of EU ETS: consequences for project appraisal
- 2021
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Ingår i: Journal of Environmental Economics and Policy. - : Routledge. - 2160-6552 .- 2160-6544. ; 10:2, s. 214-221
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The European Union's Emissions Trading System used to be a cap-and-trade scheme with a fixed supply of permits. However, a recent reform of the system 'punctures the waterbed' by making the supply of permits endogenous.The current paper discusses how to handle permits in economic evaluations such as cost-benefit analysis. It derives general equilibrium rules for schemes with a fixed cap as well as schemes with an endogenous cap.The paper also derives a cost-benefit rule to use when an exogenous reduction in emissions causes an induced intertemporal change in the supply of permits, what is termed a (positive or negative) permit multiplier, under an endogenous cap. For example, an induced reduction in emissions is associated with climate-related benefits but comes at a cost as production is displaced when the number of available permits decreases. The permit multiplier implies that emissions within the EU ETS are valued differently from emissions occurring elsewhere even under an endogenous cap.A further novel result is that an endogenous cap could increase the social profitability of abatement efforts. By replacing purchases of permits, abatement could cause a reduction in the endogenous supply of permits and hence emissions.
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| 9. |
- Johansson, Per-Olov, et al.
(författare)
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Why rational agents report zero or negative WTPs in valuation experiments
- 2021
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Ingår i: Journal of Environmental Economics and Policy. - : Informa UK Limited. - 2160-6544 .- 2160-6552. ; 10, s. 22-27
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In surveys of the willingness-to-pay for different policies, typically there are responses that are classified as protest responses. Such responses appear to defy efforts to address the issue through best practice in the design and testing of survey instruments. The general impression from the literature is that the predominant approach to identifying and handling outliers, including protest responses, is by econometric techniques. In contrast, in this paper we focus on a simple theoretical model of agents equipped with well-behaved (textbook) preferences. The model is used to identify one type of responses that, at first glance, might be characterized as protest responses or possibly as scenario rejection. The novel explanation of the, in fact, perfectly rational behaviour relates to the total tax burden faced by a respondent. A possibly provocative finding is that the agent is searching for the constrained optimum while the survey-designer, intentionally or unintentionally, is trying to induce/convince the agent to value a second-best option. In particular, we don’t have to turn to behavioural economics, i.e. question rational choice theory, to arrive at a plausible theoretical explanation of what could be taken for protest responses.
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| 10. |
- Lindgren, Samuel, 1990-
(författare)
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A sound investment? Traffic noise mitigation and property values
- 2021
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Ingår i: Journal of Environmental Economics and Policy. - : Taylor & Francis. - 2160-6544 .- 2160-6552. ; 10:4, s. 428-445
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Traffic noise is a widespread problem that adversely affects health and well-being. A key policy question is how the benefit of noise mitigation compares with the cost. This study estimates the benefits of noise mitigation by its capitalization into property values. Using a dataset on properties considered for a noise mitigation programme, I estimate a difference-in-differences model that compares prices of properties receiving a measure to properties ineligible for the programme. Results show that noise mitigation raised property prices by 10-12 percent. The property price benefits exceed programme investment cost with each $1 spent on noise mitigation generating up to $1.7 in benefits.
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