| 1. |
- Andersson, Eva K., et al.
(författare)
-
The re-emergence of educational inequality during a period of reforms : A study of Swedish school leavers 1991-2012
- 2021
-
Ingår i: Environment and planning B. - : SAGE Publications. - 2399-8083 .- 2399-8091. ; 48:4, s. 685-705
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Against the background of a liberalization of Swedish compulsory education, this paper analyses post-1991 shifts in the way compulsory education performance in Sweden has been shaped by parental background, residential context and school context. We can document increasing school and residential segregation of foreign background students and, after 2008, increasing segregation by income, employment status and social allowance reception. Over time, educational performance has become increasingly linked to family, neighbourhood and school context. The greatest change has been for parental background, but the importance of school context and neighbourhood context has also increased. A noteworthy finding is that residential context consistently has a stronger effect on student performance than school context. Student grades were found to be most strongly influenced by the closest (12 or 25) residential peers of the school leavers as compared to larger peer groups. The increase in the influence of family, neighbourhood and residential context has been accompanied by a dramatic increase in the between-school variation (intra-class correlation) in student performance, but it was not until after 2005 that this increased variability became clearly linked to the social composition of the schools. This study's results suggest that the restructuring of Swedish compulsory education has had consequences for equality, possibly because disadvantaged social groups have not been as able as advantaged groups to navigate and benefit from the educational landscape created by the school reforms.
|
|
| 2. |
- Behnisch, Martin, et al.
(författare)
-
Urban big data analytics and morphology
- 2019
-
Ingår i: Environment and planning B. - : Sage Publications. - 2399-8083 .- 2399-8091. ; 46:7 (SI), s. 1203-1205
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)
|
|
| 3. |
- Berghauser Pont, Meta, 1972, et al.
(författare)
-
Development of urban types based on network centrality, built density and their impact on pedestrian movement
- 2019
-
Ingår i: Environment and Planning B: Planning and Design. - : SAGE Publications. - 2399-8083 .- 2399-8091. ; 46:8, s. 1549-1564
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- A better understanding of the relationship between the built environment and urban processes is central in guiding urban processes in more sustainable trajectories. Of particular importance to this endeavour is the idea of urban types. However, on closer scrutiny, while such types may capture the symbolic dimension of urban form, they frequently do not capture its performance or functional dimension. This prohibits precise policy formulation on the topic. This paper first presents a methodology for generating urban types relevant to urban practice (using analytical and statistical methods) and, second, an empirical test of the differences in performance concerning their influence on the presence of people in public space (an essential driver of many other urban processes). For this reason, a large (and to our knowledge unique) pedestrian survey of three European metropolitan areas was conducted and used to test the performance of the urban types developed. The results prove that the methodology for developing the types is robust, as it picks up generally recognised spatial patterns in all three cities. Further, the types were able to explain the intensity of pedestrian flow, its spatial distribution and fluctuations of intensity in space and time. These are vital steps forward and provide more useable typologies in urban planning and design practice.
|
|
| 4. |
- Berghauser Pont, Meta, 1972, et al.
(författare)
-
The spatial distribution and frequency of street, plot and building types across five European cities
- 2019
-
Ingår i: Environment and Planning B-Urban Analytics and City Science. - : SAGE Publications. - 2399-8083 .- 2399-8091. ; 46:7, s. 1226-1242
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Typologies have always played an important role in urban planning and design practice and formal studies have been central to the field of urban morphology. These studies have predominantly been of a historical-qualitative nature and do not support quantitative comparisons between urban areas and between different cities, nor offer the precise and comprehensive descriptions needed by those engaged in urban planning and design practice. To describe contemporary urban forms, which are more diffuse and often elude previous historic typologies, systematic quantitative methods can be useful but, until recently, these have played a limited role in typo-morphological studies. This paper contributes to recent developments in this field by integrating multi-variable geometric descriptions with inter-scalar relational descriptions of urban form. It presents typologies for three key elements of urban form (streets, plots and buildings) in five European cities, produced using statistical clustering methods. In a first instance, the resulting typologies contribute to a better understanding of the characteristics of streets, plots and buildings. In particular, the results offer insight into patterns between the types (i.e. which types are found in combination and which not) and provide a new large scale comparative analysis across five European cities. To conclude, a link between quantitative analysis and theory is established, by testing two well-known theoretical propositions in urban morphology: the concept of the burgage cycle and the theory of natural movement.
|
|
| 5. |
- Billger, Monica, 1961, et al.
(författare)
-
In search of visualization challenges: The development and implementation of visualization tools for supporting dialogue in urban planning processes
- 2017
-
Ingår i: Environment and Planning, B: Planning and Design. - : SAGE Publications. - 0265-8135 .- 1472-3417 .- 2399-8083 .- 2399-8091. ; 44:6, s. 1012-1035
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Today, urban planning processes involve many stakeholders and efficient dialogue tools are needed to support communication in transdisciplinary environments. The aim of our study is to identify visualization challenges in urban planning. Based on a state of the art study and a thematic analysis of 114 articles, published in 2004–2014 and found through snowball sampling, the development and implementation of digital visualization tools for dialogue are discussed. A wide range of examples of visualization tools for dialogue has been found; either based on 2D maps, 3D environments or gaming. The initiators of the development originate from different disciplines, such as geographic information (GI) science, computer graphics, 3D modelling, Virtual Reality, interaction design and urban planning. There has been an increasing amount of usability studies during recent years. There is a tendency for the usability studies to have gone from experimental and prototype studies to more and more concern real planning processes and implementation. Studies of implemented tools in real planning processes are, however, still rare. Gaming appears more and more frequently. Challenges are related to integration of qualitative and quantitative data, representation of data as regard appropriate levels of realism and detailing, as well as the user’s experience and the appearance of the digital models. There is a need to consider how we can achieve the full potential of visualization tools, including optimal effectiveness of visualization tools and processes for dialogue as well as how they can be implemented. Organizational preparedness is necessary, including clear ownership, allocation of resources for maintenance, competence and access to tools and technology.
|
|
| 6. |
- Bobkova, Evgeniya, 1988, et al.
(författare)
-
Towards analytical typologies of plot systems: quantitative profile of five European cities
- 2021
-
Ingår i: Environment and Planning B: Urban Analytics and City Science. - : SAGE Publications. - 2399-8091 .- 2399-8083. ; 48:4, s. 604-620
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The importance of the plot (also referred to as ‘property’) as one of the fundamental elements of urban form is well recognized within the field of urban morphology. Despite the fact that it is often described as the basic element in the pattern of land divisions, which are essential as organizational frameworks for urban form, studies offering comprehensive descriptions and classifications of plot systems are quite scant. The aim of the paper is to introduce a classification of plot systems into typologies based on five European cities, in order to distinguish particular spatial differences and similarities in terms of their plot structure. The proposed typologies are developed using unsupervised k-means cluster analysis based on numeric attributes derived from central theories in urban morphology. The introduced typologies are essentially configurational, allowing collective systematic properties of plot systems to be captured. Numeric attributes include plot differentiation (or plot size), plot frontage and compactness ratio, corresponding to essential qualities of plot systems such as the capacity to carry differences in space, the ability to operate as interface between street and building and providing a framework for evolution of built form over time. All three attributes are translated into configurational measures in order to capture the context of the plot system, rather than the parameters of individual plots. The combination of these deductively defined variables with algorithmically defined classification methods results in seven plot types that can be used to scale up traditional urban morphological analysis to whole city regions and conduct substantial comparison of patterns within, but also between these regions. Further, it also makes it possible to describe commonly recognized plot patterns and discover new ones.
|
|
| 7. |
- Cai, Zipan, et al.
(författare)
-
Spatial dynamic modelling for urban scenario planning : A case study of Nanjing, China
- 2020
-
Ingår i: Environment and planning B. - : SAGE Publications. - 2399-8083 .- 2399-8091. ; 47:8, s. 1380-1396
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Although urban scenario planning is widely applied for exploring various directions of urban development, it often has high requirements on the medium of quantitative information analysis and transformation. Thus, this study establishes a method of combining scenario planning with a spatial dynamic planning support system to predict urban growth. Specifically, a scenario-based spatial dynamic modelling method is integrated with the information module of planning policy for better decision support. The integrated modelling method is applied for an actual urban land use planning case of Nanjing, an evolving city in China. The spatial forms of future urban land use are simulated under four different pre-set policy scenarios. The differences in simulated results under multi-criteria restrictions reveal the effectiveness and practical value of the integration approach. The findings of this study provide policymakers with a process-based approach to test and evaluate ‘what-if’ consequences and help stakeholders reach consensus.
|
|
| 8. |
- Causevic, Amar, et al.
(författare)
-
Financing resilience efforts to confront future urban and sea-level rise flooding : Are coastal megacities in Association of Southeast Asian Nations doing enough?
- 2021
-
Ingår i: Environment and planning B. - : SAGE Publications Ltd. - 2399-8083 .- 2399-8091. ; 48:5, s. 989-
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Continued greenhouse gas emissions will lead to a rise in temperatures, accompanied by rising sea levels threatening low-lying coastal cities. This vulnerability is especially acute in developing countries’ cities. This study reviews whether Bangkok, Manila, and Jakarta, less prepared emerging urban centers of developing countries, are investing in adaptation projects for resilience against sea-level rise and urban flooding. Sea-level rise and urban flooding resilience projects were identified in the selected cities through secondary research methods, data on multilateral climate funds, and other aggregated funding databases such as Aid Atlas, Cities Adaptation Action, and City Risk Index. Our findings show that even though these cities do have some adaptation projects to address coastal flooding and rising sea-level threats, the funding has been disparate and dispersed due to a lack of continuous, sizeable, and diverse financing options and does not come close to the requirement, given the risks, of covering potential disaster-related losses. Our findings further highlight the need to expand financing beyond multilateral funds and bilateral funding agreements and to include financial mechanisms that incentivize potential stakeholders to invest in projects that ordinarily are considered nonrevenue generating. © The Author(s) 2021.
|
|
| 9. |
- Clark, William. A., et al.
(författare)
-
Measuring isolation across space and over time with new tools: : Evidence from Californian metropolitan regions
- 2018
-
Ingår i: Environment and Planning, B. - : SAGE Publications. - 0265-8135 .- 1472-3417. ; 46:6, s. 1038-1054
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Studies of segregation continue to explore analytic tools to engage with patterns of separation within cities. In recent work, scale has emerged as an important dimension of understanding segregation - simply put, separation is strongly affected by the scale which is used in the measurement process. Levels of segregation are also influenced by the time in which the analysis takes place. We outline an approach to separation which has four dimensions - (1) using bespoke neighborhoods - who do you meet at varying scales, (2) measuring the size of the change in separation over time, (3) estimating the rate of change in separation across space and time and (4) visualizing the change, mapping changing levels of contact. The themes are explored using data from the diverse, multi ethnic neighborhoods in Californian metropolitan areas. The result of a bespoke neighborhood approach to segregation provides a more complete demonstration of the pattern of ethnic segregation. We know that there are declining overall levels of segregation, but while levels are decreasing for Whites they are increasing for Hispanics and Asians but at different rates depending on local contexts. Viewing assimilation in a multi-scalar visual context expands our understanding of segregation and assimilation.
|
|
| 10. |
- Colding, Johan, et al.
(författare)
-
The smart city model : A new panacea for urban sustainability or unmanageable complexity?
- 2020
-
Ingår i: Environment and planning B. - : Sage. - 2399-8083 .- 2399-8091. ; 47:1, s. 179-187
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Despite several calls in this journal of debating the rapid growth of the literature on “smart cities”, such a debate has in large been absent. Smart cities are often un-critically launched as a sustainable way of developing cities. When cities become increasingly complex as its features are wired into the Internet, theories for their understanding is lagging behind. As it is prospected that a greater number of people and things will become connected by Information and Computer Technology, the complexity of urban systems will over time increase. Historical insights reveal that as complexity in societies increase, growth in energy consumption tends to follow. In this paper, we discuss whether complexity carried too far could lead to diminishing returns of energy saving and create unmanageable urban systems. As part of initiating such a debate, this commentary asks whether the smart cities development has a bearing on the issue whether a society can erode its capacity of sustaining itself? We pose this question against the backdrop that no one actually knows what type of society the smart cities model in the end will generate.
|
|
