| 1. |
- Fischer, Thomas, Dr.-Ing. 1978-, et al.
(författare)
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Achieving Conformance to Document Standards : Can PDF Files Conform to the PDF/A-1b Specification?
- 2021
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Ingår i: International Journal of Standardization Research. - : IGI Global. - 2470-8542 .- 2470-8550. ; 19:1, s. 1-32
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In the context of long-term archival of digital assets, file formats that are standardized and designed for longevity such as PDF/A are preferred. However, due to the complexity of and ambiguities in PDF standards, it is far from trivial to either create standard-conformant files or check the conformance of any given file. This study investigates the challenges when checking real-world PDF files from public sector organizations meant for long-term archival for PDF/A conformance. Results show that only a small set of PDF files claims to conform to the PDF/A-1b specification variant and even fewer files pass conformance checks by various conformance checking tools. Challenges for conformance checking tools include both ambiguities in the standards’ technical specifications and limitations in the implementation.
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| 2. |
- Fischer, Thomas, Dr.-Ing. 1978-, et al.
(författare)
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On PDF/A Conformance and Font Usage in PDF Documents Provided by Public Sector Organizations
- 2023
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Ingår i: International Journal of Standardization Research. - : IGI Global. - 2470-8542 .- 2470-8550. ; 20:1, s. 1-19
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The use of appropriate fonts and file formats for long-term maintenance of digital assets is a challenge for organizations in the public sector. The article reports from a study which investigated the PDF/A conformance and font usage in PDF files provided by Swedish public sector organizations (PSOs). This article presents an analysis of the PDF files’ properties and font usage including a categorization of fonts’ licenses. This study is motivated by the PDF/A-1 standard’s requirement that ‘only fonts that are legally embeddable in a file for unlimited, universal rendering shall be used.’ Analyzing PDF sets from three PSOs, the finding shows that the proportion of files that claim or succeed at conforming to PDF/A greatly varies among the sets despite similar backgrounds. Although the most popular way to make use of fonts is by embedding a subset of the font data, for some fonts expected to be ‘always available,’ a considerable proportion of PDF files does not include any font data. This puts the onus of locating this data on the PDF reader which is problematic for long-term archival
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| 3. |
- Gamalielsson, Jonas, et al.
(författare)
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On Engagement With ICT Standards and Their Implementations in Open Source Software Projects : Experiences and Insights From the Multimedia Field
- 2021
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Ingår i: International Journal of Standardization Research (IJSR). - Hershey, Pennsylvania : IGI Global. - 2470-8542 .- 2470-8550. ; 19:1, s. 1-28
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The overarching goal in this paper is to investigate organisational engagement with an ICT standard and open source software (OSS) projects that implement the standard, with a specific focus on the multimedia field, which is relevant in light of the wide deployment of standards and different legal challenges in this field. The first part reports on experiences and insights from engagement with standards in the multimedia field and from implementation of such standards in OSS projects. The second part focuses on the case of the ITU-T H.264 standard and the two OSS projects OpenH264 and x264 that implement the standard, and reports on a characterisation of organisations that engage with and control the H.264 standard, and organisations that engage with and control OSS projects implementing the H.264 standard. Further, projects for standardisation and implementation of H.264 are contrasted with respect to mix of contributing organisations, and findings are related to organisational strategies of contributing organisations and previous research.
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| 4. |
- Lundsten, Jonas, et al.
(författare)
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Motives for Participation in Formal Standardisation Processes for Geographic Information : An Empirical Study in Sweden
- 2017
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Ingår i: International Journal of Standardization Research (IJSR). - : IGI Global. - 2470-8542 .- 2470-8550. ; 15:1, s. 16-28
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The purpose of this article is to investigate the personal motives for participation in formalstandardization processes for geographic information. The method involved interviewing membersof technical committees at the Swedish Standards Institute, SIS. The results are that the majority ofthe interviewees are very motivated in their work and they think their participation is well-financedby their organizations allocating them to a technical committee. The main motives are to contributeto development of society and be at the forefront of development. However, this article also showsthat several members participating in this study felt that they do not have sufficient time for workingwith tasks related to their technical committees. Their daily work in their respective organizationsoften has higher priority in relation to standardization work. This contrasts with the organizationalgoals of the participating organizations and may slow down the development of standards and otherpublications due to lack of resources.
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| 5. |
- De Vries, Henk, et al.
(författare)
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Standardization : Towards an agenda for research
- 2018
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Ingår i: International Journal of Standardization Research. - 2470-8542. ; 16:1, s. 52-59
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Standardization research is a fairly new and is a still-evolving field of research, with possibly major practical ramifications. This article presents a summary of the authors' subjective views of the most pressing research topics in the field. These include, among others, standards (e.g. incorporation of ethical issues), the potential impact of standards, the corporate management of standardization and legal issues like Intellectual Property Rights (IPR). In addition, gaps have been identified with a respect to a basic understanding of standardization, suggesting a need for better education in the field.
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| 6. |
- Lundell, Björn, et al.
(författare)
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On implementation of Open Standards in software : To what extent can ISO standards be implemented in open source software?
- 2015
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Ingår i: International Journal of Standardization Research. - : IGI Global. - 2470-8542. ; 13:1, s. 47-73
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Several European countries, as well as the European Commission, have acknowledged the importance of open standards (under various definitions of that term) and have taken steps accordingly. Formal (e.g. ISO) standards are often referred to in software development and procurement, but may not necessarily also be open standards. The authors consider the application of formal standards where national policy promotes their use, and, since much contemporary software development involves open source software, they further consider the interaction between the requirement to comply with open standards, and the implementation of open and formal standards in open source software, with particular reference to patent licensing. It is shown that not all formal standards are open standards. SSO policies and procedures regarding the notification of standards-essential patents (SEPs) present challenges for organisations wishing to implement standards in software since such policies and procedures need to be compliant with procurement requirements, patent licences and open source software licences. This paper draws out some implications for those organisations (differentiating where appropriate between small companies and other organisations) and suggests a number of ways of addressing the challenges identified. Use of formal standards may create barriers for implementation in open source software and inhibit an open and inclusive business-friendly ecosystem, and to avoid such barriers is of particular importance for small companies that are essential players in an innovative and international society.
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