| 1. |
- Singh, Akhilendra Pratap, et al.
(författare)
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Introduction to Advanced Combustion Techniques and Engine Technologies for Automotive Sector
- 2020
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Ingår i: Energy, Environment, and Sustainability. - Singapore : Springer Singapore. - 2522-8374 .- 2522-8366. ; , s. 3-6
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Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- To resolve the transportation sector issues such as rapidly increasing petroleum consumption and stringent emission norms for vehicles, researchers have proposed three solution strategies namely advanced combustion techniques, after-treatment systems and alternative fuels. This book covers all three aspects for automotive sector. A dedicated section of this book is based on methanol, which discusses about the methanol utilization strategies in vehicles, especially in two wheelers. Second section of this book is based on advanced combustion techniques, which includes gasoline compression ignition (GCI), gasoline direct injection (GDI), and spark assisted compression ignition (SACI). Fourth section is based on emissions and after treatments systems. Last section of this book includes two different aspects. First is the vehicle lightweighting and second is the development of UAVs for defence applications. Overall this book emphasizes on different techniques, which can improve engine efficiency and reduce harmful emissions for a sustainable transport system.
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| 2. |
- Gunda, Vamshi Krishna
(författare)
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Study on Alternate Fuels and Their Effect on Particulate Emissions from GDI Engines
- 2020
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Ingår i: Energy, Environment, and Sustainability. - Singapore : Springer Singapore. - 2522-8366. ; , s. 149-157
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Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- With strict environmental legislations and to reduce related health hazards, there is immense focus on reducing particulates from gasoline direct injection engines. With increasing use of biofuels in the market, their blends with hydrocarbon fuels are also being considered as cleaner alternatives to gasoline. This chapter confers the addition of oxygenates to gasoline and their capacity to reduce sooting tendency compared to gasoline. Challenges related to optimizing combustion by appropriately choosing engine parameters such as start of ignition, duration of injection, etc. have been addressed. Optimizing combustion can reduce the particulate emissions, by sometimes increasing efficiency. Oxygenated fuels always have the advantage of higher oxidation of soot formed inside the cylinder, which further reduces particulate emissions. Towards the end of this chapter, disadvantages of using oxygenated fuel blends or alternate fuels are discussed.
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| 3. |
- Lipatnikov, Andrei, 1961
(författare)
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RANS Simulations of Premixed Turbulent Flames
- 2018
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Ingår i: Energy, Environment, and Sustainability. - Singapore : Springer Singapore. - 2522-8366. ; , s. 181-240
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Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- While Reynolds-Averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) simulations are widely used in applied research into premixed turbulent burning in spark ignition piston engines and gas-turbine combustors, fundamental challenges associated with modelingvarious unclosed terms in the RANS transport equations that describe premixed flames have not yet been solved. These challenges stem from two kinds of phenomena. First, thermal expansion due to heat release in combustion reactionsaffects turbulent flow and turbulent transport. Such effectsmanifest themselves in the so-called counter gradient turbulent transport, flame-generated turbulence, hydrodynamic instability of premixed combustion, etc. Second, turbulent eddies wrinkle and stretch reaction zones, thus, increasing their surface area and changing their localstructure. Both the former effects, i.e. the influence of combustion on turbulence, and the latter effects, i.e. the influence of turbulence on combustion, are localized tosmall scales unresolved in RANS simulations and, therefore, requiremodeling. In the present chapter, the former effects, their physical mechanisms and manifestations,and approaches to modeling them are briefly overviewed, while discussion of the latter effects is more detailed. More specifically, the state-of-the-art of RANS modelingof the influence of turbulence on premixed combustion is considered, including widely used approaches such as models that deal with a transport equation for themean Flame Surface Density or the mean Scalar Dissipation Rate. Subsequently, the focus of discussion is placed on phenomenological foundations, closed equations,qualitative features, quantitative validation, and applications of the so-called Turbulent Flame Closure (TFC) model and its extension known as Flame Speed Closure(FSC) model.
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| 4. |
- Marquez, Manuel Alejandro Echeverri, et al.
(författare)
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A Pathway to Ultra-Lean IC Engine Combustion: The Narrow Throat Pre-chamber
- 2022
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Ingår i: Energy, Environment, and Sustainability. - Singapore : Springer Singapore. - 2522-8366. ; , s. 175-203
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Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Stable internal combustion (IC) engine operation with a lean mixture allows improved thermal efficiency and reduced engine-out emissions. However, lean limits in IC engines are challenging due to poor ignitibility. Narrow throat pre-chamber as an ignition source allows extending the lean limit through a robust multi-reactive jet ignition and in-cylinder turbulence generation. These benefits have revived the research interest in such narrow throat configurations of pre-chamber. Metal engine studies offer limited insights into the physics of pre-chamber combustion (PCC). However, when coupled with recent optical engine studies involving high-speed visualization and laser diagnostics, a better understanding of this combustion mode is unlocked. This work attempts to evaluate and summarise the recent advancement in PCC research.
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| 5. |
- Perera, Amarasinghage Tharindu Dasun, et al.
(författare)
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Linking Neighborhoods into Sustainable Energy Systems
- 2019
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Ingår i: Energy, Environment, and Sustainability. - Singapore : Springer Singapore. - 2522-8366. ; , s. 93-110
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Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Improving the energy efficiency and sustainability in the urban sector plays a vital role in the energy transition. Hence, it is important to consider promising ways to design sustainable urban energy hubs linking neighborhoods into energy systems. Improving the efficiency and sustainability of urban energy infrastructure is a process with multiple steps. This chapter presents the workflow that is required to be followed in this process. A brief overview about the methods that can be used to consider urban climate, urban simulation, and energy system design are presented in this chapter highlighting the crosslinks among these topics. Finally, the chapter presents the research gaps and promising areas to conduct future research.
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| 6. |
- Tang, Qinglong, et al.
(författare)
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A Review on Combustion Rate Control, Spray-Wall Impingement, and CO/UHC Formation of the Gasoline Compression Ignition Engines
- 2022
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Ingår i: Energy, Environment, and Sustainability. - Singapore : Springer Nature Singapore. - 2522-8366. ; , s. 73-97
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Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Gasoline compression ignition (GCI) is a promising engine combustion concept achieving high efficiency and low nitric oxide (NOx) and soot emissions. However, major challenges arise from the excessive pressure rise rate or even knocking combustion at high loads and combustion instability at low engine loads. Internal hot exhaust gas recirculation, low-octane fuel, multiple split injections, and spark assistance are the measures to control the GCI combustion rate. Besides, the early fuel injection employed in GCI to enhance fuel premixing may result in potential spray-wall impingement, wall wetting, and the increase of unburned hydrocarbons (UHC), as well as carbon monoxide (CO) emissions. A detailed understanding of the ignition mechanism and the factors that control the combustion rate of GCI is the key to address these issues. Great efforts have been made to gain insights into these in-cylinder physical phenomena and the links among them. Planar laser-induced fluorescence (PLIF) techniques were applied extensively to visualize the fuel distribution and combustion in the piston bowl and squish region. Most recently, the fuel trapping effect and UHC formation process in the piston crevice of GCI engines was investigated using PLIF and three-dimensional simulation, and the distinct effects of injector dribbling on UHC spatial distribution and emissions of GCI were highlighted. The current study reviews the literature on the ignition, combustion rate control, spray-wall impingement, and CO/UHC formation of GCI engines using emissions measurement and laser diagnostics. Some vital suggestions are proposed for GCI combustion and CO/UHC emissions control.
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| 7. |
- Wadekar, Sandip, 1989
(författare)
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Investigation of Influence of Injection Pressure on Gasoline Fuel Spray Characteristics Using Numerical Simulation
- 2020
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Ingår i: Energy, Environment, and Sustainability. - Singapore : Springer Singapore. - 2522-8366. ; , s. 69-83
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Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Maximum fuel injection pressure in gasoline direct injection engine is expected to increase because of its potential to reduce emissions while maintaining a high efficiency in spark ignition engine. Present gasoline injectors in the market operates in the range of 20–30 MPa. Because of many positive effects of high injection pressure for the emission reduction and fuel efficiency, an interest has been developed to investigate the spray behavior at around 40 MPa, 60 MPa and even more higher injection pressure. A fundamental investigation of spray characteristics at high-pressure injection will help to develop the understanding of spray behavior at such elevated pressure. In the present study, a gasoline fuel spray was studied through the numerical model at an injection pressure ranging from 40 to 150 MPa. A numerical simulation was performed in an optical accessible constant volume chamber. The chamber was effectively non-reacting and non-vaporizing condition since the focus was on the spray droplets. In the numerical model, gas flow was calculated by large-eddy simulation (LES) method and the liquid phase was accounted by a standard Lagrangian spray model. The fuel spray atomization was modelled using the Kelvin Helmholtz—Rayleigh Taylor (KH-RT) model, and droplet size distribution followed the Rosin-Rammler distribution function. Simulation results were validated by comparing the liquid penetration length of spray with the experimental data at different fuel injection pressures. Then, the mean droplet sizes such as arithmetic mean diameter and Sauter mean diameter of the spray droplets were compared with the measure droplet sizes as a function of pressure. The spray droplet size distribution was also shown along with measured droplet sizes. The result shows that the liquid length penetration of the spray was significantly increases together with the higher probability of smaller droplet by increasing the fuel injection pressure. Moreover, the mean droplet sizes were also reducing by increasing the fuel injection pressure, such as the droplet SMD was reduced from 13.5 to 7.5 $$ \upmu $$ m by injecting the fuel at pressure 150 MPa instead of 40 MPa.
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