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- Blazek, Thomas, et al.
(författare)
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Wireless Security in Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks : A Survey
- 2022
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Ingår i: SAE International Journal of Connected and Automated Vehicles. - : SAE International. - 2574-0741 .- 2574-075X. ; 6:2
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Vehicular communications face unique security issues in wireless communications. While new vehicles are equipped with a large set of communication technologies, product life cycles are long and software updates are not widespread. The result is a host of outdated and unpatched technologies being used on the street. This has especially severe security impacts because autonomous vehicles are pushing into the market, which will rely, at least partly, on the integrity of the provided information. We provide an overview of the currently deployed communication systems and their security weaknesses and features to collect and compare widely used security mechanisms. In this survey, we focus on technologies that work in an ad hoc manner. This includes Long-Term Evolution mode 4 (LTE-PC5), Wireless Access in Vehicular Environments (WAVE), Intelligent Transportation Systems at 5 Gigahertz (ITS-G5), and Bluetooth. First, we detail the underlying protocols and their architectural components. Then, we list security designs and concepts, as well as the currently known security flaws and exploits. Our overview shows the individual strengths and weaknesses of each protocol. This provides a path to interfacing separate protocols while being mindful of their respective limitations.
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| 2. |
- Papaioannou, Georgios, et al.
(författare)
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A K-Seat-Based PID Controller for Active Seat Suspension to Enhance Motion Comfort
- 2022
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Ingår i: SAE International Journal of Connected and Automated Vehicles. - : SAE International. - 2574-0741 .- 2574-075X. ; 5:2
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Autonomous vehicles (AVs) are expected to have a great impact on mobility by decreasing commute time and vehicle fuel consumption and increasing safety significantly. However, there are still issues that can jeopardize their wide impact and their acceptance by the public. One of the main limitations is motion sickness (MS). Hence, the last year's research is focusing on improving motion comfort within AVs. On one hand, users are expected to perceive AVs driving style as more aggressive, as it might result in excessive head and body motion. Therefore, speed reduction should be considered as a countermeasure of MS mitigation. On the other hand, the excessive reduction of speed can have a negative impact on traffic. At the same time, the user's dissatisfaction, i.e., acceptance and subjective comfort, will increase due to a longer journey time. Therefore, additional approaches to mitigating MS should be considered without affecting journey time, such as vehicle and seat suspension designs. In this direction, this article investigates a novel active seat suspension (ActiveK) that operates according to K-seat. The K-seat is a novel passive isolator with negative stiffness (NS) elements proven to enhance comfort, but has difficulties in design, which can be overcome with ActiveK. The ActiveK-seat is benchmarked against a passive seat model, a semi-active model with a continuously controllable electromagnetic damper (EMD), and a simple active model. The seat models are not only compared with regard to comfort but also for their ability to mitigate MS while the vehicle is driving on a real road path with a Class C road roughness. The results are very promising and show up to a 70% and 25% decrease in metrics for discomfort and MS incidence, respectively, compared to the rest of the seat model.
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| 3. |
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| 4. |
- Roberts, A., et al.
(författare)
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A Global Survey of Standardization and Industry Practices of Automotive Cybersecurity Validation and Verification Testing Processes and Tools
- 2023
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Ingår i: SAE International Journal of Connected and Automated Vehicles. - : SAE International. - 2574-0741. ; 7:2
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The United Nation Economic Commission for Europe (UNECE) Regulation 155 - Cybersecurity and Cybersecurity Management System (UN R155) mandates the development of cybersecurity management systems (CSMS) as part of a vehicle's lifecycle. An inherent component of the CSMS is cybersecurity risk management and assessment. Validation and verification testing is a key activity for measuring the effectiveness of risk management, and it is mandated by UN R155 for type approval. Due to the focus of R155 and its suggested implementation guideline, ISO/SAE 21434:2021 - Road Vehicle Cybersecurity Engineering, mainly centering on the alignment of cybersecurity risk management to the vehicle development lifecycle, there is a gap in knowledge of proscribed activities for validation and verification testing. This research provides guidance on automotive cybersecurity testing and verification by providing an overview of the state-of-the-art in relevant automotive standards, outlining their transposition into national regulation and the currently used processes and tools in the automotive industry. Through engagement with state-of-the-art literature and workshops and surveys with industry groups, our study found that national regulatory authorities are moving to enshrine UN R155 as part of their vehicle regulations, with differences of implementation based on regulatory culture and pre-existing approaches to vehicle regulation. Validation and verification testing is developing aligned to UN R155 and ISO21434:2021; however, the testing approaches currently used within industry utilize elements of traditional enterprise information technology methods for penetration testing and toolsets. Electrical/electronic (E/E) components such as embedded control units (ECUs) are considered the primary testing target; however, connected and autonomous vehicle technologies are increasingly attracting more focus for testing.
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