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- Browne, Michael, et al.
(författare)
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Urban Logistics and Freight Transport
- 2021
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Ingår i: International Encyclopedia of Transportation. - : Elsevier. - 9780081026724 ; , s. 178-183
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Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Urban logistics and freight transport are essential activities for cities and involve complicated interactions between the public and private sectors. Cities are growing and urban logistics is becoming more important. However, freight transport, storage, deliveries, loading, and unloading also create negative impacts related to energy use, emissions, noise, and safety. As a result, public authorities need to consider a wide range of initiatives to mitigate these impacts and to ensure that urban logistics can function efficiently. This chapter outlines the main features of urban logistics and considers seven categories of initiatives where the public and private sector interact. The categories are illustrated with examples from cities and projects on an international level, drawing on the increasing level of research interest in this field.
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| 4. |
- Gössling, Stefan
(författare)
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Company Cars
- 2021
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Ingår i: International Encyclopedia of Transportation : Volume 1-7 - Volume 1-7. - 9780081026724 - 9780081026717 ; 1, s. 580-583
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Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Company cars are commonly defined as cars given by an employer to an employee for the purpose of covering transport needs related to a specific job, such as to visit clients. However, company cars are commonly understood as a form of additional income, for instance in terms of opportunities to drive a specific (larger) car model, and because the car can also be driven privately or by family members. Private travel is often financed by employers, for instance when the cost of fuel is covered, and sometimes, associated expenses, such as private parking, are also reimbursed. Essentially, private benefits of driving a company car are not fully taxed, even though the majority of kilometers driven may be for private purposes, and company car choices also affect car model and fleet characteristics, mobility patterns, and driving behavior. Apart from very significant tax revenue losses, company cars also have a wide range of negative environmental outcomes, specifically with regard to climate change.
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- Hedegaard Sörensen, Claus, et al.
(författare)
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Planning for bus priority
- 2021
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Ingår i: International Encyclopedia of Transportation. - Oxford : Elsevier. - 9780081026724 ; , s. 254-260, s. 254-260
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Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Bus priority measures are introduced in cities in order to improve travel time, frequency, and reliability, thereby benefiting the passengers and establishing a more attractive and competitive public transport system. Since first being implemented in Chicago in the late 1930s, bus priority measures are now widely applied across the globe, and a plethora of measures regarding priority in terms of time and space are currently in place. The main challenge for planning and implementing bus priority measures is the conflict over space with other societal purposes and road modes, in particular the car. In addition, the introduction of bus priority is often planned and implemented in a context of institutional complexity, which contributes to making such efforts a challenging task. In this article, political leadership, collaboration, alternative funding schemes, guidelines, and action plans are suggested as important instruments to handle these challenges.
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- Nyström, Johan, 1979-
(författare)
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How to Buy Transport Infrastructure
- 2021. - 1
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Ingår i: International Encyclopedia of Transportation. - : Elsevier. - 9780081026724 - 9780081026717 ; , s. 302-307
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Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Transport infrastructure is most often provided by a public entity, that is, a federal state and/or regional bodies. The public sector has a choice of constructing and maintaining the infrastructure by publicly employed people or by using the market and procuring the product. Many countries seem to choose the latter and contract out this work, which entails the issue of public procurement and contract design. This paper presents the three types of contracts to procure transport infrastructure. The pros and cons of design-bid-build (DBB), design-build (DB), and public–private partnerships (PPP) are described. DBB is the traditional and still most commonly used way of tendering, DB gives the contractor incentives to innovate, while PPP improves the possibility to optimize life cycle cost perspective
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