| 1. |
- Holand, Øystein, et al.
(författare)
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Reindeer pastoralism in Fennoscandia
- 2022
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Ingår i: Reindeer Husbandry and Global Environmental Change. - London : Routledge. - 9781000593402 - 9780367632670 ; , s. 7-47
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Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This introductory chapter presents reindeer pastoralism as a social-ecological system and outlines its essential components. Reindeer herders – the pastoralists of the north, the reindeer and the natural environment of Fennoscandia – are briefly introduced. The chapter describes how different historical, natural and social environments lead to different management forms in Finland, Norway and Sweden. Further, it provides a historical overview of reindeer pastoralism deeply embedded in Sámi and local culture and gives some key statistics of the situation today. Finally, it outlines the major challenges that reindeer pastoralism is facing today within the three Fennoscandian countries. This chapter therefore provides the background for the detailed analyses in the main part of this book.
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| 2. |
- Horstkotte, Tim, 1981-, et al.
(författare)
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Implications of norms and knowledge in customary reindeer herding units for resource governance
- 2022
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Ingår i: Reindeer husbandry and global environmental change. - London : Routledge. - 9780367632670 - 9780367632687 - 9781003118565 ; , s. 133-149
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Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Pastoralist societies have developed customary institutions to respond to an unpredictable environment and fluctuation in grazing resources for their livestock. This chapter describes how reindeer herders’ customary institutions, including laws, norms and rights embedded in social networks, as well as traditional knowledge, structure these responses. Furthermore, it analyses how reindeer herders’ customary institutions are integrated into state governance of natural resources or recognized in national legislation. Central to the chapter is the Sámi siida and the corresponding Finnish tokkakunta – both represent customary herding groups that seek to balance the relationship between human–reindeer units to the spatial and temporal availability of grazing resources. The need for revitalization and a better understanding of reindeer herders’ customary institutions is identified, as well as an increased recognition of their traditional knowledge in resource management and land use planning to increase the resilience of reindeer husbandry to the cumulative challenges of climate change and resource extraction.
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| 3. |
- Horstkotte, Tim, 1981-, et al.
(författare)
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Pastures under pressure : Effects of other land users and the environment
- 2022
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Ingår i: Reindeer Husbandry and Global Environmental Change. - London : Routledge. - 9781000593402 - 9780367632670 ; , s. 76-98
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Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Reindeer husbandry has a long history of sharing landscapes with a multitude of other forms of land use. By competing for space, industrial resource developments from the early 20th century onwards have affected where, when and how the landscape can be used for reindeer grazing. Extending from the local to the landscape level, these impacts can reduce pastures either directly or indirectly as a result of increasing landscape fragmentation or changing reindeer behaviour. Furthermore, environmental drivers influence the dynamics of forage availability or accessibility for reindeer. The observed trend of shrinking pastures in the three countries is caused by these cumulative impacts. As a consequence, grazing pressure on the remaining pastures increases, and it curtails reindeer herders’ options to respond to the challenges of climate change. Reversing the continuing decrease in pastures requires the restoration of grazing resources and increasing landscape connectivity to facilitate movement and grazing rotation. However, socio-political incentives are also required to sustain reindeer pastures in the future. This includes an increase in the influence of reindeer herders on land use decisions and the inclusion of their traditional ecological knowledge of pasture management to identify alternative approaches to natural resource management.
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| 4. |
- Löf, Annette, et al.
(författare)
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Governing maximum reindeer numbers in Fennoscandia
- 2022
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Ingår i: Reindeer Husbandry and Global Environmental Change : Pastoralism in Fennoscandia. - London : Routledge. - 9780367632670 ; , s. 173-188
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Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This chapter examines the complexities and challenges in state governance of the maximum permitted number of reindeer in Finland, Norway and Sweden. The common findings regarding the three countries are that (1) maximum permitted numbers of reindeer set by the nation states primarily seem to promote objectives other than those of herders; (2) various contextual aspects (e.g., laws, other land users, trends in science, herding practices and historical developments) partly explain the sustainable maximum permitted numbers; (3) reductionist assessments of pasture – reindeer relations easily neglect the impacts of other land users on condition and availability of pastures, thereby making the assessments biased and stigmatizing herders for alleged overgrazing. The chapter also explores issues related to reindeer numbers that vary across the three countries including (4) herders’ opportunities to participate in knowledge production and resulting decisions over maximum reindeer numbers, (5) clashes between herders’ experience and practice-based knowledge and scientific knowledge on which the definitions of maximum numbers are often based and (6) the ways in which the borders between reindeer herding districts and nation states have implications for the governance of reindeer numbers.
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| 5. |
- Löf, Annette, et al.
(författare)
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Unpacking reindeer husbandry governance in Sweden, Norway and Finland: A political discursive perspective
- 2022
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Ingår i: Unpacking reindeer husbandry governance in Sweden, Norway and Finland : A political discursive perspective. - London : Routledge. - 9780367632670 ; , s. 150-172
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Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In Sápmi and beyond, the practice of reindeer herding is under increasing pressure from competing for land use, large carnivores and climate change. The governing systems are, however, ill-equipped and unable to address resulting cumulative and interacting impacts. This has led to a difficult situation for reindeer herding due to the loss of land, functionality and flexibility, and proves a challenge for the Nordic states as the legitimacy of reindeer husbandry governance is increasingly contested. Addressing this challenge, this chapter unpacks the discursive and political dimensions of reindeer husbandry governance in Sweden, Norway and Finland. Guided by three broad questions: i) governing what, ii) governing how and iii) governing for and by whom, it explores how problem representations are constructed, handled and contested. The analysis shows that state-led governance was never in fact constructed to address herders’ concerns, but was, and remains, based on the states’ and competing land uses’ problem representations. The chapter, therefore, concludes by identifying the need to revisit the present understanding of “problems”, “solutions” and “visions” in reindeer husbandry governance. A key task will be to re-image, or actively seek to change the discursive construction of, reindeer herding as a system-to-be-governed and attune it to the perspectives of the herders.
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| 6. |
- Moen, Jon, et al.
(författare)
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Final reflections
- 2022
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Ingår i: Reindeer husbandry and global environmental change. - London : Routledge. - 9780367632670 - 9780367632687 - 9781003118565 ; , s. 289-292
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Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The global challenges that humanity faces are addressed in various global agreements, such as the Paris Agreement and the Convention on Biological Diversity. However, all global goals require local implementation and must be locally accepted. Adaptation and transformation will claim large land resources, such as infrastructures, wind farms, mines and intense land use for bioenergy. This may exacerbate already existing conflict over land use and the rights to resources, not least in northern peripheral areas. Reindeer pastoralism is affected by all of these interwoven processes, which gives a need for more holistic regional land use planning. This chapter summarizes some of the factors that have contributed to a lack of such planning and points to the importance of including reindeer herders as ‘rightsholders’ and their traditional knowledge in a transition to a just and sustainable society.
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| 7. |
- Moen, Jon, et al.
(författare)
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Tipping points and regime shifts in reindeer husbandry : a systems approach
- 2022
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Ingår i: Reindeer husbandry and global environmental change. - London : Routledge. - 9780367632670 - 9780367632687 - 9781003118565 ; , s. 265-277
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Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This chapter addresses the challenges to reindeer husbandry in Fennoscandia from a systems perspective. Drawing on information in other chapters in this book, the specific focus is on so called tipping points, or abrupt changes in the coupled social-ecological system. Tipping points may occur when external drivers push a system to an alternative system state, characterized by different feedbacks than in the original state. Compared to ‘ideal’ or traditional reindeer husbandry, examples of alternative states include reliance on supplementary feeding to compensate for losses of pastures, fencing herds to provide protection from predation, becoming a meat-processing industry based on more centralized herding practices and a total loss of reindeer husbandry. All of these states are seen as undesirable by the herders. Reindeer husbandry, as it is currently practised, requires intact social-ecological relationships within the herding districts, as well as in their interaction with the external society. These system qualities need to be strengthened as they innately provide resilience, and will demand structural, institutional and legislative changes, but also discursive changes of how we imagine what sustainability is, and whether herders are treated as one of many stakeholders or as the rights holders that they really are according to the law.
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| 8. |
- Rasmus, Sirpa, et al.
(författare)
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Reindeer husbandry and climate change : Challenges for adaptation
- 2022
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Ingår i: Reindeer Husbandry and Global Environmental Change. - London : Routledge. - 9781000593402 - 9780367632670 - 9780367632687 - 9781003118565 ; , s. 99-117
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Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Reindeer and reindeer herders in the circumpolar North are exposed to harsh and often hard-to-predict weather conditions. Herding communities have previously adapted to these external disturbances by flexible pasture use, seasonal mobility, changing herding practices, diversifying livelihoods and continuously developing traditional or experience-based knowledge. However, few places in the world experience ongoing climate change as clearly and rapidly as the high northern latitudes. The effects of climate change and increased frequency of extreme weather events are transforming the biophysical environment of reindeer husbandry. These changes challenge the adaptive capacity of herders who operate in a landscape they share with, and which is highly impacted by, other forms of land use. Thus, sociopolitical factors play a major role in developing adaptation strategies that are perceived as desirable and possible. This chapter summarizes the observed and expected changes in climate and impacts thereof within the reindeer herding area (RHA) of northern Fennoscandia. The chapter further presents a range of strategies adopted by herders to cope with adverse, seasonal weather conditions and indirect impacts of climate change. Finally, it situates these strategies in the context of more proactive and institutional adaptation.
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| 9. |
- Skarin, Anna, et al.
(författare)
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Reindeer behavioural ecology and use of pastures in pastoral livelihoods
- 2022
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Ingår i: Reindeer Husbandry and Global Environmental Change : Pastoralism in Fennoscandia. - London : Routledge. - 9780367632670 ; , s. 63-75
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Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Reindeer pastoralists have, for centuries, followed free-roaming animals throughout the Eurasian Arctic. The closing of national borders about a century ago forced the reindeer pastoralists to adapt to new conditions. Today, environmental conditions are changing rapidly with climate and land use change. Local history, migration and pasture use strategies of reindeer herding, and also the biogeography of grazing grounds during summer and winter, differ considerably between the countries. These differences also affect interactions with other forms of land use. Coexistence between reindeer husbandry and other interests requires an understanding of the differing preconditions in the natural environment. The main scope of this chapter is reindeer forage selection and adaptation to the arctic environment, as well as the use of pastures by reindeer and for reindeer husbandry and what affects their use during different seasons.
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| 10. |
- Åhman, Birgitta
(författare)
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Health and diseases of semi-domesticated reindeer in a climate change perspective
- 2022
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Ingår i: Reindeer Husbandry and Global Environmental Change : Pastoralism in Fennoscandia. - London : Routledge. - 9780367632670 ; , s. 249-262
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Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Climate change may affect reindeer herding and the health and disease of reindeer in several ways. One way of mitigating such changes is supplementary feeding, both in corrals and by bringing fodder to the animals on natural pastures. Feeding, when the right feed and feeding regime are used, may compensate for the loss of natural pastures and increase animal welfare. However, feeding may also cause issues with health and disease. These challenges may be associated with the feed and feeding regimes themselves, but also indirectly, by creating increased animal-to-animal contact and through the difficulty of maintaining hygienic conditions in corrals. In addition, climate change may have an impact on the presence of arthropod species and populations, such as ticks, mosquitoes and midges. These insects may cause increased levels of stress for the animals but can also be vectors for pathogens that may cause severe disease outbreaks, animal welfare issues and economic loss for reindeer herders. This chapter briefly presents the diseases and health problems that are directly or indirectly associated with reindeer feeding, as well as health challenges associated with arthropods and vector-borne diseases that are expected to be affected by climate change in the Arctic and sub-Arctic regions.
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