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- Höök, Mikael, 1982-
(författare)
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Coal and Peat : global resources and future supply
- 2012
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Ingår i: Encyclopedia of Sustainability Science and Technology. - New York : Springer. - 9780387894690
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Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Coal is the second most important fuel currently used by mankind, accounting for over 25% of the world’s primary energy supply. It provides 41% of global electricity supplies and is a vital fuel or production input for the steel, cement and chemical industries. However, coal is a fossil fuel formed from organic material by geological processes over millions of years. Hence, coal is a finite resource in terms of human time scales and its continued availability is important to the world economy. Peat is a related substance, but is classified somewhere between a fossil fuel and biomass. The energy sector uses peat as a fuel to generate electricity and heat. It also has applications in industrial, residential and other sectors but global consumption of peat is insignificant in comparison to coal. Peat shares many similarities with coal and is increasingly often grouped with coal for resource estimates in reports and assessments by public agencies. Knowing how coal and peat are created is vital to understanding how deposits are formed and what their basic properties are. Geology provides models and methodologies for describing deposits and where to find them. Exploration, drilling and surveys provide the data necessary to map deposits and assess the resources they contain. Classification schemes are also central to understanding how the terms relate to the underlying data. Future production of coal and peat is essential for the development of global energy supplies. It is only the produced volumes that can be used in human activities and a detailed appreciation of the production process is essential in understanding future supply developments. Factors such as economy, technology, legal and environmental constraints affect the recoverable share of the available resources, i.e. the reserves. Understanding the complexity and the greater whole of the production mechanism and the limitations that are imposed on it require a wide variety of approaches and conceptual infrastructures.
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- Lagerkvist, Anders, et al.
(författare)
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Solid Waste Generation and Characterization
- 2012
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Ingår i: Encyclopedia of Sustainability Science and Technology. - New York : Encyclopedia of Global Archaeology/Springer Verlag. - 9780387894690 - 9781441908513 ; , s. 10000-10013
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Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Waste is generated in all processes. According to the laws of thermodynamics , materials and energy can be transformed but never destroyed. Even if material is substantially transformed, all matter which is introduced in any kind of process will come out of the process in exactly the same number of kilograms, either as products, by-products , or waste. Waste may be solid, liquid, or gaseous. In many cases, gaseous waste is a dominating outflow when processing solid matter. However, the focus in this article is on solid waste.Waste is often perceived as the remains from consumption. However, the major part of all solid waste is generated already by consumers' demand for products, i.e., before the products were consumed and thrown away. In general, the extraction of natural resources and industrial production processes produce massively more solid waste than the consumer products amount to, e.g., about 20 times according to European waste data [14]. As material flows through society, waste is formed in each step, as illustrated in Fig. 1. The material wastes can either end up in landfills or they can be dispersed in water, air, or soil. The dispersion in liquid phases typically exits the material from the waste management domain and turns it into pollution, albeit solid wastes can also form pollution, such as the floating plastic of the oceans.
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- Olsson, Gustaf, et al.
(författare)
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Water and Energy Nexus
- 2012
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Ingår i: Encyclopedia of Sustainability Science and Technology. - New York, NY : Springer New York. - 9781441908513 - 9780387894690 ; , s. 11932-11946
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Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)
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| 6. |
- Strandberg, Erling
(författare)
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Animal Genetic in Environment Interaction
- 2012
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Ingår i: Encyclopedia of Sustainability Science and Technology. - New York, NY : Springer New York. - 9780387894690 ; , s. 463-472
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Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)
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