| 1. |
- Bard, Alexander, et al.
(författare)
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Behind the history of labor : Technology as the driving force
- 2020. - 1
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Ingår i: The Digital Transformation of Labor. - Abingdon : Routledge. - 9781000731088 - 1000731081 - 9781000730937 - 0429317867 - 1000730786 - 9781000730784 - 9780429317866 - 100073093X - 9780367330705 - 0367330709 ; , s. 15-30
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Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This chapter explores the factor(s) that drive the organization of labor and how technology is used as a driving force, even in those instances where it may cause society to surrender its extant norms and routines. The chapter provides a narrative/philosophical discussion behind the historical development behind labor, concluding that the exchange of information has been a quintessential component behind this development. The study postulates two research questions. RQ 1: Is there a new paradigm shift taking place in the future organization of labor? RQ 2: In the event that a new paradigm shift can be expected, is it compatible with contemporary social norms or can such a paradigm shift of labor organization be expected to also transform the essence of society itself? In answering these questions, the authors conclude that a new social, cultural and economic paradigm is forming (RQ 1) and that the new paradigm would be fluid rather than concrete, indicating that it is not merely a matter of developing new social norms, but a new set of norms altogether (RQ 2).
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| 2. |
- Larsson, Anthony
(författare)
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A journey of a thousand miles: An introduction to the digitalization of labor
- 2020
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Ingår i: The Digital Transformation of Labor. - ABINGDON : Routledge. - 9780429317866 - 9780367330705 - 0367330709 ; , s. 1-11
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Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This chapter serves as an introduction to this book, The Digital Transformation of Labor: Automation, the Gig Economy and Welfare. The chapter starts by introducing the technological advancements throughout the past couple of centuries and proceeds to identify contemporary concepts such as “AI”, “digitization”, “digitalization”, and “digital transformation” etc. Three themes are identified under which each chapter contributions are grouped. There are: “Practical Utilization of New Technologies”, “The Role of the Digital Welfare State”, and “Digital Disruption of Status Quo”. The chapter concludes by presenting each contributing chapter appearing in this book volume with a short introductory synopsis.
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| 3. |
- Larsson, Anthony
(författare)
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Conclusion : The digital transformation of labor - where do we go from here?
- 2020. - 1
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Ingår i: The Digital Transformation of Labor. - Abingdon : Routledge. - 9781000731088 - 1000731081 - 9781000730937 - 0429317867 - 1000730786 - 9781000730784 - 9780429317866 - 100073093X - 9780367330705 - 0367330709 ; , s. 319-333
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Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This chapter serves as a conclusion to this book, The Digital Transformation of Labor: Automation, the Gig Economy and Welfare. The chapter begins by describing some of the political discussions and some of the most overarching organizational challenges in regards to the digital transformation of labor. The chapter then proceeds to describe the findings and conclusions of each chapter presented in this volume. An analytical commentary ensues based on the findings of each chapter. The chapter concludes by synthesizing the results and presents a list of the ten main opportunities and challenges of the digital transformation of labor. The findings suggest that although the digital transformation of labor is an iterative process where we cannot know the true outcomes until there have been repeated evaluations, it is nonetheless important that we secure a system of checks-and-balances to ensure a successful digital transformation. To this extent, there is a need to open up for further debate on the digital transformation of labor and where it should go in the future.
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| 4. |
- Larsson, Anthony, et al.
(författare)
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Consulting in the digital era? : The role of tomorrow's management consultants
- 2020. - 1
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Ingår i: The Digital Transformation of Labor. - Abingdon : Routledge. - 9781000731088 - 1000731081 - 9781000730937 - 0429317867 - 1000730786 - 9781000730784 - 9780429317866 - 100073093X - 9780367330705 - 0367330709 ; , s. 254-279
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Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The role of consultants is ever changing. As digitalization continues to progress, the consultants of tomorrow may acquire several technological advantages, while at the same time they may also face new challenges. This theoretical/speculative study draws upon some of the available literature and the authors' own best-practice experiences in exploring some of the most pressing issues of the digitalization process of consulting of today, with an anticipation of how the role and profile of the consultants may come to develop in the near future as digitalization and the digital transformation ensues. The development of analytics tools will be of paramount importance. To this end, four phases of consulting have been identified: (1) the pre-analysis phase, (2) the problem-identification phase, (3) the analysis phase and (4) the implementation phase. The chapter concludes that digitalization will carry the greatest benefit during phase 3, the analysis phase. A risk brought on by the advancement of digitalization is that organizations may be tempted to try optimizing their performance by having in-house data scientists take on more of the consultants' traditional tasks, which may lead to less favorable outcomes. However, going forward, consultants and data scientists will likely need to cooperate and synergize their efforts.
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| 5. |
- Larsson, Anthony, et al.
(författare)
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Digitalization, circular economy and the future of labor : How circular economy and digital transformation can affect labor
- 2020. - 1
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Ingår i: The Digital Transformation of Labor. - Abingdon : Routledge. - 9781000731088 - 1000731081 - 9781000730937 - 0429317867 - 1000730786 - 9781000730784 - 9780429317866 - 100073093X - 9780367330705 - 0367330709 ; , s. 280-315
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Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The premise of this study is to investigate how labor will be affected by the move to a circular economy supported by digitalization. This study thus proposes the introduction of circular economy as a transformation of businesses, society, industries and labor, and it proves that digitalization is one tool to aid that transformation. This chapter does not seek to prognosticate answers or provide a one-size-fits-all solution, as a potential future circular scenario involves major uncertainties and lacks real case studies on which to base predictions. Rather, this chapter offers a conceptual study that seeks to draw upon available literature and research findings in order to answer how the labor conditions are affected when digitalization is used to achieve circular businesses and societies in different ways. The chapter concludes by contending that the circular economy is fundamentally reshuffling our current economic system. As such, it should be viewed as an innovation and as a strategy not only for businesses, but for society as a whole. Digitalization will be an essential instrument in enabling and facilitating the circular economy.
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| 6. |
- Larsson, Anthony, et al.
(författare)
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"Gig patients" : Health and dental care in the gig economy
- 2020. - 1
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Ingår i: The Digital Transformation of Labor. - Abingdon : Routledge. - 9781000731088 - 1000731081 - 9781000730937 - 0429317867 - 1000730786 - 9781000730784 - 9780429317866 - 100073093X - 9780367330705 - 0367330709 ; , s. 174-184
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Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The "gig economy" provides for a new style of employment where workers (referred to as "giggers") sustain themselves by performing a number of "gigs" on a freelance basis (often for several different employers). This type of work entails much freedom for the "gigger" who is, in theory, free to choose whenever and wherever they wish to work. However, there are in many cases still a blurred line between whether or not "giggers" should be considered "self-employed" or "employees" and in some cases working in a "gig economy" entails working for low wages, with many "giggers" working long hours. This has given rise to a new phenomenon called "gig patients", entailing "giggers" who cannot afford to take time off to seek medical or dental assistance until it is absolutely necessary, by which time treatments needed are often extensive and expensive. These patients will put themselves in debt with no feasible way of paying their medical bills in full, which in turn affects the welfare system. Thus, this chapter seeks to investigate what the wider ramifications that "gig patients" could have to the welfare society and the future of labor. The chapter discusses and proposes various ways in dealing with the "gig patient" situation and concludes that there is a need to establish a community of practice, a clear legal framework and fair standards for the "gig economy". Proponents of high-deductible health plans argue that by holding patients financially responsible through high copayments and deductibles, it helps decrease "moral hazard" by stymieing detrimental behavior by patients that would otherwise waste health-care resources and drive up the overall societal costs. This chapter investigates the wider ramifications labor advocacy group of people could have to the welfare society and the future of labor, and the possible courses of actions that can be taken to deal with the emergent situation of "gig patients". There will be a need for labor unions to stay more attuned to the developments in the digital space and the "gig economy", as this remains a weak spot for many unions. The labor market enforcement agencies could prioritize the most affected places while also maximizing their impact, and hopefully causing ripple effects to surrounding areas until these agencies have mustered enough resources to gain a wider geographic coverage.
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| 7. |
- Lilja, Pernilla, et al.
(författare)
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GDPR : What are the risks and who benefits?
- 2020. - 1
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Ingår i: The Digital Transformation of Labor. - Abingdon : Routledge. - 9781000731088 - 1000731081 - 9781000730937 - 0429317867 - 1000730786 - 9781000730784 - 9780429317866 - 100073093X - 9780367330705 - 0367330709 ; , s. 187-199
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Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In this descriptive phenomenological/speculative study, the authors have investigated the ramifications of the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) and its effect on the labor market. The overarching research question this chapter seeks to answer is: In what way may GDPR influence the labor market of tomorrow, and what businesses are at risk? The results of this chapter indicate that much work remains to be done in securing GDPR compliance, but that the work is steadily progressing. The chapter also concludes that while all organizations dealing in large volumes of personal data will be challenged by GDPR, smaller studios for online game developers are likely to be adversely affected to a greater extent, while "big tech" companies are likely to survive without too much impediment incurred to their businesses. However, GDPR will also provide some opportunities for other businesses, like legal experts, lawyers, consultants in digital strategy and professionals in analytics and software architecture.
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| 8. |
- Torre, Fernanda, et al.
(författare)
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AI leadership and the future of corporate governance: Changing demands for board competence
- 2019
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Ingår i: The Digital Transformation of Labor (Open Access): Automation, the Gig Economy and Welfare. - London : Routledge. - 9780429317866 - 9780367330705 ; , s. 116-146
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Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This chapter focuses on the future of one subset of labor - corporate boards. Corporate boards make complex strategic decisions in uncertain environments, such as mergers and acquisitions, new product launches and digital transformation, all of which influence organizations and the nature of labor. However, corporate boards are increasingly struggling due to digitalization, and it is predicted that artificial intelligence (AI), and the “big data” on which AI is based, will become one of the greatest board issues in the next ten years. There is currently limited research on how corporate boards should respond to this challenge. Thus, this chapter presents preliminary results from a research project that includes a systematic literature review and expert interviews, while also touching on how AI could change the future of board work. The findings indicate that boards will need to develop two competence areas to successfully steward firms into an AI-based future: (1) guiding AI operational capability and (2) supervising AI governance capability. The Boards 4 AI Leadership Matrix is presented as a tool to facilitate the development of these competence areas. This chapter concludes that the future boards are unlikely to be replaced by automatization within the foreseeable future although AI is expected to have a fundamental impact on board work.
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| 9. |
- Van Der Zande, Jochem, et al.
(författare)
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The substitution of labor: From technological feasibility to other factors influencing the potential of job automation
- 2019
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Ingår i: The Digital Transformation of Labor (Open Access): Automation, the Gig Economy and Welfare. - London : Routledge. - 9780429317866 - 9780367330705 ; , s. 31-73
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Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Artificial intelligence, machine learning (a subcategory of AI), and robotics are three technologies that perform an increasingly wider variety of routine and even non-routine job tasks. This chapter provides an overview of digitalization and automation along with the three underlying technologies and explores the potential of these technologies to replace human capabilities in the workplace. Subsequently, it discusses a set of factors beyond technological feasibility that influence the pace and scope of job automation. Some of the chapter’s key findings include the following: (1) The majority of jobs will be affected by the automation of individual activities, but only a few have the potential to be completely substituted; (2) the automation potential for non-routine tasks seems to remain limited, especially for tasks involving autonomous mobility, creativity, problem-solving and complex communication; (3) the nature of jobs will change as mundane tasks will be substituted and people will work more closely together with machines; and (4) industries that have a large potential for labor substitution are food and accommodation services, transportation and warehousing, retail trade, wholesale trade and manufacturing.
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| 10. |
- Viitaoja, Yamit, et al.
(författare)
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Identifying the digital gender divide : How digitalization may affect the future working conditions for women
- 2020. - 1
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Ingår i: The Digital Transformation of Labor. - Abingdon : Routledge. - 9781000731088 - 1000731081 - 9781000730937 - 0429317867 - 1000730786 - 9781000730784 - 9780429317866 - 100073093X - 9780367330705 - 0367330709 ; , s. 235-253
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Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This chapter draws upon existing research and studies, as well as on the authors' "best practice" insights in investigating the popularly-termed "digital gender divide" and how digitalization impacts on the future prospects for women on the labor market. Providing an analytical commentary on the present situation, this chapter discusses the relative lack of women in the Western countries undertaking science, technology, engineering and mathematics (STEM) subjects. This in turn leads to a lower turnout for women working with information and communication technology (ICT) related jobs. The chapter concludes that digitalization may provide for more flexible working conditions that benefit women, but that the digital transformation also carries a risk of bringing about more atypical and cynical work arrangements. There is also a risk that the emergent automatization will begin to harvest some of the professions that are traditionally dominated by women. A major component to women's disposition in tech appears to be attitudinal issues to a greater extent than legal/regulatory. Although the situation is slowly improving, more coordination among different efforts is needed in order to successfully safeguard the future position of women in the digital era.
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