| 1. |
- Gustafsson, Johan, et al.
(författare)
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Introduction to Biostatistics
- 2022
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Ingår i: Handbook of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging for Physicists : Modelling, Dosimetry and Radiation Protection, Volume II - Modelling, Dosimetry and Radiation Protection, Volume II. - New York : CRC Press. - 9781138593299 - 9780429952227 ; 2, s. 1-16
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Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Knowledge in statistics is essential to draw solid conclusions from data. This chapter covers the basic concepts needed to navigate in the world of biostatistics, with the aim that the reader should know what to search for when encountering new situations. First, the chapter introduces basic concepts such as scales of measurement, relation between sample and population, and features of stochastic variables such as the expected value and variance. Second, the chapter introduces various metrics for sample characterization, such as the mean and median for the central tendency, and sample variance, median absolute deviation, and interquartile range for characterizing variation. This also includes methods for visualization. Third, the chapter introduces the basics of hypothesis testing: construction of a null hypothesis, definition of a test statistic, and formulation of a test for significance. Both parametric and non-parametric hypothesis tests are explained, as well as tests for correlation. Multivariate regression and the F-test are briefly covered, as well as analysis of survival data. Finally, the chapter covers the perils of hypothesis testing including issues such as statistical power, type I and II errors, and the multiple-comparison problem.
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| 2. |
- Johansson, Lennart, et al.
(författare)
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Diagnostic Dosimetry
- 2022
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Ingår i: Handbook of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging for Physicists. - Boca Raton : CRC Press. - 9780429489549 ; , s. 33-68
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Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Diagnostic nuclear medicine, more recently also named functional molecular imaging, deals with medical procedures performed to help diagnose a variety of diseases. The procedures are based on the use of tracer amounts of radioactive material, where a radionuclide is attached to a ligand with specific affinity to a physiological, metabolic, or receptor-specific process. To balance the benefit of a procedure, the calculation of the mean absorbed dose in organs and tissues for representative groups of patients is one important parameter in the justification of the diagnostic procedure. This also applies to the use of radiopharmaceuticals to volunteers in clinical research. Specific biokinetic models are created to describes the uptake, turn-over and retention in the human body. Together with mathematically describable anatomical models, representing groups of patients, these are used to estimate the mean absorbed dose in organs and tissues. This facilitate the estimations of the quantity effective dose, which is a dose quantity to estimate the risk to later in life develop a radiation-induced cancer for a group of reference patients. The chapter describes methods for diagnostic internal dosimetry, assessment of biokinetic data for individual patients/volunteers as well as construction of biokinetic and dosimetric models for representative groups of patients.
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| 3. |
- Jönsson, Lena
(författare)
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Staff Radiation Protection
- 2022
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Ingår i: Handbook of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging for Physicists : Modelling, Dosimetry and Radiation Protection, Volume II - Modelling, Dosimetry and Radiation Protection, Volume II. - New York : CRC Press. - 9780429952227 - 9781138593299 ; 2, s. 275-292
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Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)abstract
- From a radiation protection point of view, nuclear medicine is a complex medical specialty that includes both radionuclide and radiopharmaceutical production and patient diagnostics and therapy. The practical work with radiation sources includes a variety of procedures, activity levels, dose rates, and risks of contamination. The radiation dose to the worker is largely determined by the knowledge and awareness of health risks associated with working with unsealed sources. It is important to utilise time, distance, and radiation shielding to the extent possible to minimise the radiation dose to the staff. After injection of the radiopharmaceutical, the patient is the radiation source, and the staff have to keep this in mind while positioning the patient in the imaging system. In addition, there is also the handling of blood samples, urine samples, and radioactive waste. Handling open radiation sources involves the risk of contamination and possible accidental inhalation or oral intake of radiopharmaceuticals, which can lead to internal irradiation to the worker. In addition, contamination can give rise to misleading examination results if patients, measuring equipment, or premises become contaminated. Factors affecting the effective dose as well as the equivalent dose to hands and fingers, and to the lens of the eye, are described. This chapter also includes examples of work rules to minimize the staff radiation dose and the risk of external and internal contamination.
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| 4. |
- Ljungberg, Michael
(författare)
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Preface
- 2022
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Ingår i: Handbook of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging for Physicists : Modelling, Dosimetry and Radiation Protection, Volume II - Modelling, Dosimetry and Radiation Protection, Volume II. - 9780429952227 - 9781138593299 ; 2
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Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)
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| 5. |
- Mattsson, Sören
(författare)
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Principles of Radiological Protection in Healthcare
- 2022
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Ingår i: Handbook of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging for Physicists : Modelling, Dosimetry and Radiation Protection, Volume II - Modelling, Dosimetry and Radiation Protection, Volume II. - New York : CRC Press. - 9781138593299 - 9780429952227 ; 2, s. 101-114
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Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The use of ionizing radiation and radioactive substances for diagnostic, interventional and therapeutic procedures in health care provides benefits to millions of people each year. Since ionizing radiation also has harmful effects, a radiation protection approach is needed. The International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP) has formulated the primary aim of radiation protection in general. It is “to contribute to an appropriate level of protection for people and the environment against the detrimental effects of radiation exposure without unduly limiting the desirable human actions that may be associated with such exposure” This chapter deals about principles for radiological protection and safety of patients, staff and the general public. It will also discuss the situation for persons who assist and support patients as well as for volunteers in biomedical research. A special section is devoted to pregnant and breast-feeding women among patients and staff members. How the principles for the radiation protection of the environment influence healthcare and the necessity to protect strong radiation sources will also be briefly discussed as will the importance of radiological protection and medical service in connection with radiological and nuclear emergencies. The chapter also describes a number of future actions that could improve radiation protection in medicine.
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