| 1. |
- Cedrini, V, et al.
(författare)
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Improving resilience management for critical infrastructures : strategies and practices across air traffic management and healthcare
- 2018
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Ingår i: Safety and Reliability – Safe Societies in a Changing World. - London : Taylor & Francis. - 9780815386827 - 9781351174664 ; , s. 1319-1327
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Recent natural and man-made disasters highlight that a more resilient approach to preparing for and dealing with such events is needed. To address this challenge, the main objective of the research and innovation H2020 project DARWIN is the development of European resilience management guidelines for Critical Infrastructures (CI). Based on a systematic literature survey with a world-wide scope and prioritization of resilience concepts, the guidelines have been developed taking into account everyday operations, contingency plans, training, etc. This paper describes insights gained from the adaptation of these guidelines in the domains of Air Traffic Management (ATM) and Healthcare (HC). A collaborative and iterative process has been defined involving relevant experts and practitioners. To ensure transnational, cross-sector applicability and uptake, a Community of Crisis and Resilience Practitioners (DARWIN DCoP) has been involved. The preliminary results indicate that a big step has been taken in moving from the resilience theory to practice
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| 2. |
- Degerman, Helene, et al.
(författare)
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Resilient performance in response to the 2015 refugee influx in the Øresund region
- 2018
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Ingår i: Safety and Reliability - Safe Societies in a Changing World - Proceedings of the 28th International European Safety and Reliability Conference, ESREL 2018. - 9780815386827 ; , s. 1313-1318
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- September 2015 saw a sharp increase in the influx of refugees in the Øresund region. In this study, resilience defined as flexible adaptation was taken as a baseline to guide interviews with societal infrastructure actors and NGOs engaged in managing the situation. Different actors had different organisational preconditions that influenced their ability to adapt to the new situation. Among the strongest drivers behind resilient performance were the organisation’s ways of relating to established rules, regulations, procedures and processes, the way relationships were formed between people and hierarchical layers within the organisations, and the perceived value of the human operator and the human contribution within the organisational whole. These values, in turn, determined how the organisations shaped many of the basic conditions that allowed resilient performance to develop. In the study it was found, for public actors in particular, that the criteria necessary to adapt to the situation were not met by organisational structures and processes.
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| 3. |
- Gjøsund, G., et al.
(författare)
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False alarm? : Effects of reducing unnecessary dispatches by fire and rescue services
- 2018
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Ingår i: Safety and Reliability - Safe Societies in a Changing World - Proceedings of the 28th International European Safety and Reliability Conference, ESREL 2018. - 9780815386827 ; , s. 181-188
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Fire and rescue services in Norway dispatch more often to false and unnecessary alarms than to real fires and accidents. In 2016, 60% of the emergency dispatches were conducted on the basis of false or unnecessary alarms. These unnecessary dispatches are costly in terms of time and resources spent, and can in some cases lead to a weakened preparedness towards real incidents. Also, the risk for traffic accidents increases when big vehicles rush through the streets on their way to where the alarm was triggered. Hence, there are good reasons to work to reduce the number of these kind of dispatches. On the other hand, one may also argue that there can be some positive effects of a certain number of mobilizations for the fire crews. Based on interviews with relevant actors connected to fire and rescue services, as well as on statistics collected through the BRIS reporting system, we will discuss possible consequences of reducing the number of false and unnecessary alarms and potential effects of implementing measures for decreasing unnecessary dispatches.
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| 4. |
- Hassel, H., et al.
(författare)
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A framework for aggregating risk information across organisational levels—the case of Swedish municipalities
- 2018
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Ingår i: Safety and Reliability - Safe Societies in a Changing World - Proceedings of the 28th International European Safety and Reliability Conference, ESREL 2018. - London : CRC Press. - 9780815386827 ; , s. 1665-1672
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Performing risk assessments for hierarchical, multi-functional systems, such as a municipality, is an activity that requires input from a multitude of actors. In such systems risk assessments can be performed at many system levels and support different types of decisions. For issues that are constrained to a specific sub-system, such as a municipal department, decisions can be preferably taken at sub-system level. However, for other issues, such as those crossing many sub-systems and system levels decisions should preferably be taken at higher system levels, e.g. at the municipal level. At the same time, these decisions require extensive information from the sub-systems. The aim of the present paper is therefore to outline a framework for how risk information can be aggregated—with application in the context of Swedish municipalities. The research builds on previous work by the authors where a method for performing risk and vulnerability assessments in municipal departments has been developed using an action research approach. The method will soon be implemented in each municipal department in the municipality of Malmö, Sweden, and the next step is to develop the aggregation of these assessments. It is argued that this aggregation is facilitated by ensuring that key aspects of the risk assessments in the municipal departments are harmonized. At the same time, too much standardisation may also reduce the utility of the assessments for the municipal departments.
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| 5. |
- Johansson, J., et al.
(författare)
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Contrasting critical infrastructure resilience from swedish infrastructure failure data
- 2018
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Ingår i: Safety and Reliability - Safe Societies in a Changing World - Proceedings of the 28th International European Safety and Reliability Conference, ESREL 2018. - London : CRC Press. - 9780815386827 ; , s. 1287-1296
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Critical technical infrastructures constitute the backbone of society by providing essential services to vital societal functions and the community at large, hence it is of essence that these are resilient. Critical infrastructures, e.g. power systems, telecommunication systems and railway systems, are designed and operated based on different philosophies of where to put the resilience emphasis, robustness, rapidity of recovery or a combination of the two. Here empirical failure data, such as duration and consequence of disruptions, from several critical infrastructures in Sweden are explored and analysed. To facilitate comparisons, a generic resilience assessment approach is also presented and applied. The results give insight to the resilience level of different infrastructures in Sweden and a basis for an exploration of its reasons, e.g. due to difference in regulatory schemes, design or risk cultures. It is concluded that there exist significant differences of infrastructures resilience levels and the factors shaping the resilience.
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| 6. |
- Petersen, L., et al.
(författare)
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Creating comparable public tolerance and technical performance measures for critical infrastructure resilience evaluation
- 2018
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Ingår i: Safety and Reliability - Safe Societies in a Changing World - Proceedings of the 28th International European Safety and Reliability Conference, ESREL 2018. - 9780815386827 ; , s. 1231-1240
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- No consensus currently exists on how to measure and evaluate Critical Infrastructure (CI) resilience. Attempting to use the public’s declared coping capacity as a target for CI resilience, this paper explores how to develop relevant resilience performance measurements that enable comparison to the tolerance levels of the general public. To do so, one must first establish the normal performance of the system and the applicable performance measures. Then, a survey is used to convert public perception into these measures as to enable comparison with the technical resilience performance. The CI resilience will be presented through a family of so-called resilience triangles which will illustrate the evolution of the performance, before, during and after a crisis event. A case study of the Municipal Water Network of Barreiro, Portugal, is used. The overall performance is preferably described with the categories quality, quantity and delivery. In quantifying the performance the importance of what is being assessed, to what hazard and for which end-user became evident.
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| 7. |
- Rosenqvist, H., et al.
(författare)
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ISRA : IMPROVER societal resilience analysis for critical infrastructure
- 2018
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Ingår i: Safety and Reliability - Safe Societies in a Changing World - Proceedings of the 28th International European Safety and Reliability Conference, ESREL 2018. - 9780815386827 ; , s. 1211-1220
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Resilience of Critical Infrastructure (CI) has been a research focus for several years now, with efforts being made to develop methods for the analysis and assessment of CI resilience. However, these efforts are often carried out without consideration of enriching societal risk or resilience assessments with knowledge of the resilience of CI. Bearing in mind that the definition of CI according to the EU reflects the fact that it exists to deliver vital societal functions, the consideration of its resilience in isolation of the community it serves is only addressing part of the problem. The Horizon 2020 project IMPROVER has already developed methodologies for assessing and managing CI resilience. This paper proposes an evolution of the management framework for CI resilience which enriches societal resilience assessment with knowledge of the CI resilience. The framework and societal resilience analysis methodology are both described along with an application of the analysis method.
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| 8. |
- Sesseng, Christian, et al.
(författare)
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Analysis of 985 fire incidents related to oil-and gas production on the Norwegian continental shelf
- 2018
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Ingår i: Safety and Reliability - Safe Societies in a Changing World - Proceedings of the 28th International European Safety and Reliability Conference, ESREL 2018. - 9780815386827 ; , s. 1847-1854
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Fire is a major threat in the petroleum industry. However, little has been published about the fire related incidents that have occurred in the Norwegian petroleum sector. To gain more knowledge, data from 985 incidents in the 1997–2014 period has been analysed. Examples of factors studied are type of facility involved, involved area or system, consequences and severity level. The analysis of the fire incidents reveals that even though many incidents are reported, the large majority of these have not imposed risks for severe fire accidents. It has also provided valuable information regarding possible dangerous situations, commonly involved areas, types of equipment as well as types of activity that were involved. Twenty-nine percent of the incidents were false alarms, which must be regarded as a high number in an industry where any production stop could be extremely costly.
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| 9. |
- Sesseng, Christian, et al.
(författare)
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Analysis of fatal fires in Norway over a decade, – A retrospective observational study
- 2018
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Ingår i: Safety and Reliability - Safe Societies in a Changing World - Proceedings of the 28th International European Safety and Reliability Conference, ESREL 2018. - 9780815386827 ; , s. 2837-2844
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Five-hundred-and-seventy-one fatalities were registered in the official fire statistics in Norway between 2005–2014. However, little is known about the victims. This study collected information from several sources to build a holistic database and gain more knowledge about the technical and social aspects of the incidents, forming a basis for more targeted measures. Human behaviour greatly affects the risk of fire, which supports why social aspects of incidents should be considered when identifying risk factors associated with the victims. The results showed a clear distinction between victims above and below the age of 67 with respect to risk factors. For the elderly, reduced mobility, impaired cognitive ability, mental disorders and smoking were observed risk factors. For the younger victims known substance abuse, mental illness, alcoholic influence and smoking were observed, mostly in combination. This shows that fire is a social problem, and should be prevented by initiating customised measures
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| 10. |
- Storesund, Karolina, et al.
(författare)
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Novel methodologies for analysing critical infrastructure resilience
- 2018
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Ingår i: Safety and Reliability - Safe Societies in a Changing World - Proceedings of the 28th International European Safety and Reliability Conference, ESREL 2018. - 9780815386827 ; , s. 1221-1230
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- In the field of Critical Infrastructures (CI), both policy and research focus has shifted from protection to resilience. The IMPROVER project has developed a CI resilience management framework (ICI-REF), applicable to all types of CI and resilience domains (technological, organisational and societal) allowing operators to understand and improve their resilience. IMPROVER has also developed methodologies to be used within the framework, accompanied with resilience indicators for operators to assess their technological and organisational resilience. The framework allows CI operators to incorporate resilience management as part of their risk management processes. The ICI-REF, the resilience analysis methodologies and indicators have been optimised, applied and demonstrated in a pilot implementation, focusing on the potable water supply in Barreiro, Portugal. Conclusions from the operators so far are that the indicators, well-defined and unambiguously described, are crucial for monitoring resilience activities, to ensure objective, consistent, repeatable and representative results from the assessed processes.
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