| 1. |
- Bali, Ranjula Swain, et al.
(författare)
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Regulation, governance and the role of the informal sector in influencing environmental quality
- 2022. - 1st ed.
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Ingår i: The Informal Sector and the Environment. - London : Routledge. - 9781032122663 - 9781003223856 - 9781032122687 ; , s. 16-41
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Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- We investigate the effect of the informal sector and a range of governance indicators on both global and local pollutants for a panel of 58 countries during 1996-2011. The analysis employs a fixed effects-instrumental variable generalized method of moments approach. We find that the size of the informal sector has a significant impact on environmental quality, which is conditional on the level of economic development. For developing countries, the informal sector has a significant positive impact on local pollutants, whereas for the developed countries the informal sector has a significantly negative effect on global pollutants. The findings also reveal that the impact of governance depends on the type of governance measure, the level of economic development and type of pollutant. Control of corruption emerges as the single most important factor especially in the non-OECD countries in improving environmental quality. We argue that the efficacy of an environmental policy for a country with a large informal sector will be low if the policy measures do not address governance, size of the informal sector and environmental policy targets.
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| 2. |
- Bali Swain, Ranjula, 1968-, et al.
(författare)
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Introduction
- 2022
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Ingår i: The Informal Sector and the Environment. - Abingdon : Routledge. - 9781003223856 - 9781032122663 - 9781032122687 ; , s. 1-15
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Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The informal sector is core to the growth and livelihoods of many economies and is seen as both a highly dynamic sector and a fragile one. It provides significant amounts of employment across the world but the quality of this employment is often problematic, with employment in this sector characterised by ‘small or undefined work places, unsafe and unhealthy working conditions, low levels of skills and productivity, low or irregular incomes, long working hours and lack of access to information, markets, finance, training and technology’. As with all areas of regulatory control, there are two types of environmental regulation policies: command and control policies and economic incentives. Many studies suggest that informal economic activity should be formalised. Since pollution is an externality from production, government attempts to reduce it often take the form of taxes on pollutants and subsidies on the disposal of waste. This chapter presents an overview on the key concepts discussed in this book.
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| 3. |
- Bali Swain, Ranjula, 1968-, et al.
(författare)
-
Regulation, governance and the role of the informal sector in influencing environmental quality
- 2022
-
Ingår i: The Informal Sector and the Environment. - Abingdon : Routledge. - 9781003223856 - 9781032122663 - 9781032122687 ; , s. 16-41
-
Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- We investigate the effect of the informal sector and a range of governance indicators on both global and local pollutants for a panel of 58 countries during 1996–2011. The analysis employs a fixed effects-instrumental variable generalized method of moments approach. We find that the size of the informal sector has a significant impact on environmental quality, which is conditional on the level of economic development. For developing countries, the informal sector has a significant positive impact on local pollutants, whereas for the developed countries the informal sector has a significantly negative effect on global pollutants. The findings also reveal that the impact of governance depends on the type of governance measure, the level of economic development and the type of pollutant. Control of corruption emerges as the single most important factor, especially in the non-OECD countries, in improving environmental quality. We argue that the efficacy of an environmental policy for a country with a large informal sector will be low if the policy measures do not address governance, size of the informal sector and environmental policy targets.
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| 4. |
- Tafesse Tirkaso, Wondmagegn, et al.
(författare)
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Youth rural-urban migration in Ethiopia : Environmental drivers and employment in the informal sector
- 2022
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Ingår i: The Informal Sector and the Environment. - Abingdon : Routledge. - 9781003223856 - 9781032122663 - 9781032122687 ; , s. 117-131
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Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Anthropogenic environmental degradation has been triggering youth rural to urban migration in developing countries. Environmental-driven migration pressure is intense in countries that rely on weather-dependent agriculture. Youth driven out of rural areas due to environmental factors end up in urban areas mostly seeking jobs without having the human capital needed to be employed in the formal sector. Thus, environmental factors push the youth into urban informal sectors. This chapter identifies environmental drivers of youth rural-urban migration and employment outcomes, using a survey of 700 youths from Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, which is combined with georeferenced weather data. Survey respondent youth mainly come from zones in Ethiopia that have experienced above average precipitation and temperature variability. This is corroborated by the youths’ responses. The survey respondents identify drought and flooding as the main environment-related reasons for migrating. Upon arriving in urban centers, the youth are informally employed mainly in construction, as daily laborers and in informal service sectors.
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| 5. |
- Sweet, Susanne
(författare)
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Exploring the environmental and social impact of informal market practices in the apparel industry
- 2022. - 1st Edition
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Ingår i: The Informal Sector and the Environment. - London : Routledge. - 9781003223856 - 9781000655438 - 1003223850 - 1000655431 - 9781000655360 - 1000655369 - 9781032122663 ; , s. 64-80
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Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This chapter explores global apparel consumption and its dependence on production supply chains in low-income countries where unsustainable and informal market practices are rampant. Recent life-cycle studies of garments show that over 80 percent of apparel’s environmental impact stems from the production phase. Up to 80 percent of this production is outsourced to the informal sector in developing countries. Besides the environmental impact, apparel manufacturing also affects sustainable development and includes many social issues related to poor working conditions and below living wages etc. Along with the growth of fast-fashion consumption, apparel production – with its high dependence on low-income countries with coal-based energy sources, highly complex and untransparent industry structure with many tiers of suppliers, and widespread use of informal market practices– is the reason why the environmental impact of the industry is accelerating rather than improving. Measures to mitigate the negative environmental and social impacts can spur a movement away from informal practices but can also risk moving informal practices further out in the tiers of the value chain and to domestic production, making such practices less transparent and the informally employed more vulnerable to lack of social security.
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| 6. |
- Bali, Ranjula Swain, et al.
(författare)
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Introduction
- 2022
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Ingår i: The Informal Sector and the Environment. - 9781032122663 ; , s. 1-15
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Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)
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| 7. |
- Bali, Ranjula Swain, et al.
(författare)
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Preface
- 2022. - 1st Edition
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Ingår i: The Informal Sector and the Environment. - : Routledge. - 9781032122663 ; , s. xi-xii
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Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)
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