| 1. |
- Berndes, Göran, 1966, et al.
(författare)
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Bioenergy and Land Use Change-State of the Art
- 2015
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Ingår i: Advances in Bioenergy: The Sustainability Challenge. - Oxford, UK : John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. - 9781118957875 - 9781118957844 ; , s. 249-271
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Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The dedicated production of biomass crops and the collection of residues in agriculture and forestry can lead to undesirable negative impacts and it is crucial that practices are found that ensure that these impacts are avoided or mitigated as far as possible. This chapter concerns the use of biomass for energy and the connection between increased bioenergy use and land use change (LUC). Land use and LUC associated with bioenergy can lead to a multitude of environmental and socioeconomic consequences. The chapter focuses on the question whether greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions associated with LUC could undermine the climate change mitigation benefits of bioenergy. There are, however, several options for mitigating these emissions that can be implemented: development of bioenergy feedstock production systems that integrate with existing agriculture and forestry production, enhancement of land use productivity in agriculture and forestry in general, and legal protection of natural ecosystems.
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| 2. |
- Börjesson, Pål, et al.
(författare)
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The Climate Benefit of Swedish Ethanol : Present and Prospective Performance
- 2015
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Ingår i: Advances in Bioenergy: The Sustainability Challenge. - Oxford, UK : John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. - 9781118957875 - 9781118957844 ; , s. 395-410
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Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This chapter presents an assessment of green house performance (GHG) performance of current and prospective Swedish ethanol production and outlines a strategy for improving the GHG performance on an expanding ethanol market. Calculations are presented that consider process integration and establishment of biocombines producing multiple products, the use of a broader resource base including lignocellulosic feedstocks, and expansion options that minimize GHG emissions from land use changes (LUC) associated with the ethanol production. Based on this, the scenario for Swedish ethanol expansion shows how the production could increase substantially while maintaining a very favorable GHG profile. The chapter applies a broad multidisciplinary systems approach that combines an assessment of critical issues, such as the technical design of ethanol systems, the category of feedstock, the direct land use changes (dLUC), the indirect land use changes (iLUC), treatment of coproducts, and temporal boundaries.
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| 3. |
- Englund, Oskar, 1982, et al.
(författare)
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How do Sustainability Standards Consider Biodiversity?
- 2015
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Ingår i: Advances in Bioenergy: The Sustainability Challenge. - Oxford, UK : John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. - 9781118957844 ; , s. 483-506
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Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This chapter presents an assessment of how biodiversity is considered in different types of sustainability standards. First, biodiversity is defined and strategies for biodiversity conservation are discussed. Then, standards for sustainable production of biomass in agriculture and forestry are evaluated on how they consider biodiversity, i.e., how they attempt to prevent actions that can threaten biodiversity and support actions that can conserve it. It is also assessed how sustainability standards address the conversion of certain ecosystem types. A broad set of standards is included relating to either sustainable agricultural management, sustainable forest management, or sustainable production of biofuel feedstocks. Similarities and differences within and between the three categories are identified. Finally, key barriers to, and challenges for, certification schemes are discussed, and recommendations are made for further development of sustainability standards. © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. All rights reserved.
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| 4. |
- Grahn, Maria, 1963, et al.
(författare)
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Prospects for Domestic Biofuels for Transport in Sweden 2030 Based on Current Production and Future Plans
- 2015
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Ingår i: Advances in Bioenergy: The Sustainability Challenge. - Oxford, UK : John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. - 9781118957844 ; , s. 431-446
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Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- In 2012, the use of renewable energy in the Swedish transport sector amounted to 12.6% when calculated according to the so-called Renewable Energy Directive (RED) calculation rules. This chapter illustrates the main biofuels production options currently discussed in Sweden. The mapping of existing and planned production capacity for biofuels for transport in Sweden shows that many different types of biofuels are produced currently or are planned to enter the market during the coming decade. There are plans for the production of cellulose-based ethanol, methanol, dimethyl ether (DME), methane, hydrotreated vegetable oil (HVO) as well as anaerobic digestion biogas (AD biogas). This is used as a basis for developing scenarios for potential biofuels production in Sweden until 2030. If the realization of the mapped biofuels plans is delayed, canceled and/or the continued implementation of additional biofuel capacity is slower than assumed, the potential domestic biofuels production in Sweden is reduced substantially. © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. All rights reserved.
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| 5. |
- Persson, Martin, 1976
(författare)
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The Impact of Biofuel Demand on Agricultural Commodity Prices: A Systematic Review
- 2015
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Ingår i: Advances in Bioenergy: The Sustainability Challenge. - Oxford, UK : John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. - 9781118957844 ; , s. 465-482
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Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. All rights reserved.The impact on agricultural commodity prices is central to the debate surrounding biofuel policies and targets, that of indirect land-use changes (iLUCs) caused by increased biofuel demand and leading to emissions that offset or possibly negate the climate benefits of biofuels. These land-use changes are mediated through changes in market prices for biofuel feedstocks. This chapter systematically reviews studies that have tried to assess quantitatively the impact of increased bioenergy demand on agricultural commodity prices, and use a theoretical framework to explore the reasons for differing results. The review covers 121 studies using different methods (primarily economic equilibrium models) for exploring the relationship between bioenergy demand and agricultural commodity prices. The chapter also illustrates the 'ripple effects' increased demand for corn for ethanol production has on prices for other agricultural commodities, resulting mainly from competition for land on the supply side and substitution on the demand side.
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| 6. |
- Stupak, I, et al.
(författare)
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A Global Survey of Stakeholder Views and Experiences for Systems Needed to Effectively and Efficiently Govern Sustainability of Bioenergy
- 2015
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Ingår i: Advances in Bioenergy: The Sustainability Challenge. - Oxford, UK : John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. - 9781118957844 ; , s. 507-534
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Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The increased international trade led to growing concerns over sustainability of biofuels and a variety of governance systems has emerged to regulate the bioenergy sector for maximization of the benefits and minimization of the possible negative impacts. The general concept of governance is used in different ways. But in this chapter it is used in the broad sense of governance processes undertaken by governments, market actors, voluntary organizations or networks. This concept of governance recognizes the interdependence of the public, market-based and voluntary governing processes, and the relationships that may exist between them. A survey was designed with the objective of analyzing stakeholders' views, experiences, and ideas in relation to the governance challenges. The survey revealed a broad support for existing and new co-regulation among stakeholders, but also that low share of certified land is seen as a challenge for both forestry and agriculture.
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| 7. |
- Xiros, Charilaos, 1973, et al.
(författare)
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Hydrolysis and Fermentation for Cellulosic Ethanol Production
- 2015
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Ingår i: Advances in Bioenergy: The Sustainability Challenge. - Oxford, UK : John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. ; , s. 11-31, s. 11-31
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Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This chapter summarizes the hydrolysis technologies and bioconversion processes employed for cellulosic ethanol production. Hydrolysis process involves pre-treatment methods (first-stage hydrolysis) and enzymatic hydrolysis (second-stage hydrolysis). Although cellulose is mainly present as crystalline fibers that are highly resistant to hydrolysis, its content in biomass is typically larger compared to hemicellulose and, as a result, cellulases are the key enzymes for bioethanol production. The major bioconversion processes are: The separate (or sequential) hydrolysis and fermentation (SHF), the simultaneous saccharification and fermentation (SSF) and the consolidated bioconversion process (CBP). Many yeast species have been reported to convert simple sugars to ethanol under anaerobic conditions. S. cerevisiae, Pichia stipitis, P. kudriavzevii (Candida krusei), Kluveromyces marxianus, C. shehatae, C. tropicalis, C. guilliermondii, and Pachysolen tannophilus are among the most often used yeast species in biomass-derived sugars-to-ethanol conversion processes.
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