| 1. |
- Holgersson, Ulrika, et al.
(author)
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Economic Determinism
- 2016. - First edition
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In: The Wiley Blackwell Encyclopedia of Gender and Sexuality Studies. - Singapore : John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. - 9781405196949 - 9781118663219 - 9781118905463 - 9781118905388
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Book chapter (other academic/artistic)
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| 2. |
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| 3. |
- Keisu, Britt-Inger, 1968-
(author)
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Earner–carer model
- 2016
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In: The Wiley-Blackwell encyclopedia of gender and sexuality studies. - New York : Wiley-Blackwell. - 9781118663219 - 9781405196949
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Book chapter (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The earner–carer model is a welfare state approach based on the ideological, gender‐egalitarian premise that men and women are equally involved in both paid labor and unpaid care work. Different welfare state policy structures divide into those that support either women's paid work within the labor market or the traditional division of male breadwinner/female homemaker. Hence, policy measures produce different incentives for families to divide up paid work and unpaid care work. During the 1990s, many feminists studying welfare state issues criticized the overlooked gendered aspects, and stressed the importance of including unpaid care work and all socially constructed properties in the analysis. Throughout the twentieth century, the traditional male breadwinner/female full‐time homemaker ideal of family life was dominant in the Western welfare states, but during the second half of the century it became less pronounced, along with women's increased participation in the labor market.
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| 4. |
- Carbin, Maria, 1972-
(author)
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Postcolonialism : theoretical and critical perspectives on
- 2016. - 1
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In: The Wiley Blackwell encyclopedia of gender and sexuality studies. - New York : Wiley-Blackwell. - 9781118663219 ; , s. 1-6
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Book chapter (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The term postcolonialism has been applied to signal a historical condition, an era, and also, perhaps most commonly, to describe critical perspectives or theories. When postcolonialism signals a critical theory, or perspective, it has come to mean interrogations of the knowledge production of the West. At the center of the analysis is a critique of how the Western self has been constructed, and how Western institutions have been producing knowledge about what they perceive to be other places, and other peoples, thereby constructing the center and the margins. In his groundbreaking work Orientalism, literary theorist Edward Said explores how the Western project of civilization, modernization, progress, and enlightenment is built upon the premise that there is some other (the Oriental) that is seen as the opposite. Orientalism can be characterized as a hegemonic discourse that builds upon the idea that European culture and identity are superior to all others. Postcolonial scholars scrutinize colonial discourses and decolonizing projects all over the world. Scholars like Homi Bhabha and Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak have developed the work of Orientalism in various ways, by deconstructing identity and introducing class, gender, and global capitalism into the analysis of colonial discourse.
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| 5. |
- Dahlerup, Drude, 1945-
(author)
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Women's Political Representation
- 2016
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In: The Wiley Blackwell Encyclopedia of Gender and Sexuality Studies. vol 1–5. - New York : Wiley-Blackwell. - 9781405196949
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Book chapter (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The continuous underrepresentation of women and of various minorities in elected political assemblies challenges classic democratic theory, which focuses on procedures, on the how, while neglecting the who of representation, be it in the ancient city-state of Athens or in modern deliberative governance structures. Political representation is embedded in the power structure of the political system. In most political systems the political parties are the gatekeepers to elected positions. When the voters enter the polling station, the nomination and rank order of candidates for election have already been decided on by the political parties. Historically, representation predates democracy, as in the representation of noblemen, priests, and the bourgeoisie in the old estates. The present discussion of equal representation of all citizens in relation to their share of the population is linked to modern democracy. Yet, increasingly, even senior non-democratic countries select their political assemblies through direct public elections, which has made the question of who the representatives are a global issue. This entry distinguishes between descriptive, substantive, and symbolic representation.
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| 6. |
- Hearn, Jeff, 1947-, et al.
(author)
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Gender equality
- 2016. - 1
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In: The Wiley Blackwell Encyclopedia of Gender and Sexuality Studies<em></em>. - Oxford, United Kingdom : Wiley-Blackwell Publishing Inc.. - 9781405196949
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Book chapter (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Gender equality can be understood as part of the long-term historical struggles for equality and democracy. In this process, gender equality interventions are important tools in enhancing women's rights and participation, yet this striving for greater gender equality is by no means unproblematic, for example, as demonstrated by LGBTQI+ movements. There are many arguments for gender equality – feminist transformation, gender justice, gender difference, realization of individual and collective potential, and its fuller use – and many ways of framing gender equality. Within liberal feminism, gender equality involves realizing the potential of women and men equally within the current gender order. In gender-resistance feminism, the gender order cannot be made equal through gender balance, as men's dominance is too strong. Rebellion feminists seek to take apart the gendered social order by multiplying genders or doing away with them. Gender policy operates differentially at organizational and occupational levels, and in public and private sectors, with extremely variable historical contexts. Major supranational bodies, such as the United Nations, the European Union, and the Council of Europe, have been prominent in promotion of gender equality. Various critiques of gender equality are outlined. Future challenges facing gender equality and gender equality policy are noted.
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| 7. |
- Holmberg, Tora, 1967-
(author)
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Nature–Nurture Debate
- 2016
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In: The Wiley Blackwell Encyclopedia of Gender and Sexuality Studies. - Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell Publishing Inc.. - 9781118663219
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Book chapter (other academic/artistic)abstract
- Biologically based explanations of human behavior have been put forward by scientists throughout history, and have been fiercely contested by gender scholars. This entry explores the so-called nature–nurture debate and its effects on current gender theory, in particular in the area of feminist science studies and feminist epistemology.
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| 8. |
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| 9. |
- Svensson, Eva-Maria, 1958
(author)
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Gender justice
- 2016
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In: The Wiley Blackwell Encyclopedia of Gender and Sexuality Studies. - Singapore : John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.. - 9781405196949
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Book chapter (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Gender justice is a multifaceted concept, mostly related to the view on men and women as valued equally and the statement that men and women should be treated equally. Much of the rhetoric, policy, legislation, practical action, and theoretical perspective on gender justice is anchored in a human rights framework. Theoretical presumptions on both gender and justice impact the understanding of what gender justice is or should be, and how gender justice can or should be reached. Scholars within gender studies have analyzed and questioned these presumptions, as well as the political and legal manifestations of gender justice, and reflected on the many ways of understanding gender justice. The different ways of understanding gender justice can be structured around two main aspects, gender justice as a question of identity and recognition, and gender justice as a question of rights and responsibilities and of distribution of these between men and women.
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