| 1. |
- Cebrat, Gerfried, et al.
(författare)
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Methods to determine robust innovation paths for electric vehicle technology
- 2009
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Ingår i: 24th International Battery, Hybrid and Fuel Cell Electric Vehicle Symposium and Exhibition 2009, EVS 24. - 9781615674558 ; 4, s. 2345-2354
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- The following paper introduces a structured approach assessing the probability for the success of specific technologies increasing the endurance/autonomy of BEV's (Battery Electric Vehicles). Apart from range extenders, flow batteries (redox batteries as one variant) which might be refilled with electrolyte similar to conventional vehicles and technological improvements, the exchange of batteries is a method allowing BEV's similar ranges and similar usability like vehicles with internal combustion engines as they are currently used. The suggested way for the investigation into the success of the concept holds a two fold approach: Mapping the innovation: Enumerating the influencing factors Assessing: In-depth research of acceptance In step one influence analysis (causal loop) is applied to determine the most active factors and the system dynamics. In step two a multi criteria decision analysis is employed in order to quantify the potential impact of the factors/characteristics on the probability of the success of the concepts. The two step methodology is presented for the battery exchange system (swappable battery), because for this system it is easiest to determine the technological aspects being purely mechanical and also the market impact based on the pre-existing knowledge of the facts. The range extenders and flow batteries still need technological research clarifying the operational characteristics of an industrialised concept before a robust assessment may be conducted. The paper anticipates the acceptance of the first mentioned concepts and enumerates the questions that have to be solved in order to allow a successful use case. The closing chapter analyses the influence of paradigm change on the assessment introducing uncertainties. In this respect it is shown how in depth foresight studies may reduce the risk for the innovator by introducing the actors/users introducing criteria for success and failure.
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| 2. |
- Ciosek, Katarzyna, et al.
(författare)
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Energy storage activities in the Swedish hybrid vehicle centre
- 2009
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Ingår i: World Electric Vehicle Journal. - : MDPI AG. - 2032-6653. ; 3:4, s. 858-862, s. 2850-2854
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Significant efforts are put worldwide on developing new concepts for vehicle propulsion with the hybrid electric vehicle (HEV) being a prominent example. Hybrid technology is clearly a strategic future activity for automotive industries and in response to the rapid development in the area; the Swedish Hybrid Vehicle Centre (SHC) was formed in 2007 to join forces between Swedish industry and academia in the field. The centre emphasizes a holistic view to meet the environmental and societal needs with new technological solutions. The research within SHC is currently divided into three different themes whereof we here describe the Energy Storage theme with emphasis on the activities carried out at the involved universities in the current main project areas: Cell Properties, Electrode Materials and Electrolyte Additives. Examples are given on how these projects attacks the problems at hand separately, but also how we create synergy effects between the projects. As an example cell modelling is performed given a specific chemistry and cycling scheme, the same parameters are used for electrochemical experiments which provide macroscopic data that are connected with molecular level actions in the electrodes, the electrolyte, and the interfaces. All this is done using our base-line chemistry and a subsequent route is to investigate the role of different additives to overcome the limitations that are observed.
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| 3. |
- Grahn, Maria, 1963, et al.
(författare)
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The role of ICEVs, HEVs, PHEVs, BEVs and FCVs in achieving stringent CO2 targets: results from global energy systems modeling
- 2009
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Ingår i: World Electric Vehicle Journal. - : MDPI AG. - 2032-6653. ; 3:1, s. 519-530, s. 1645-1655
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- A modified GET model version was used to investigate long-term, cost-effective fuel and vehicle technologies for global passenger transport. The aim was to quantify the potential impact of carbon capture and storage (CCS) technology and low CO2 intensity electricity from renewable sources, such as concentrating solar power (CSP), on cost-effective passenger vehicle fuel and technology options necessary to achieve stabilization of atmospheric CO2 at 450 ppm. In addition, the model was used to assess the sensitivity of future vehicle cost assumptions. For all cases investigated, there is no single technology and fuel that dominates throughout the century; instead a variety of fuels and vehicle technologies are important. The availability of CCS and CSP have a substantial impact on cost-effective fuel and technology choices, in general: (i) the introduction of CCS increases the use of coal in the energy system and conventional vehicle technology, (ii) the introduction of CSP reduces the relative cost of electricity in relation to hydrogen and tends to increase the use of electricity for transport, and (iii) the introduction of both CCS and CSP reduces the economic incentives to shift to more advanced vehicle technologies. Varying cost estimates for future vehicle technologies results in large differences in the cost-effective fuel and vehicle technology solutions. For instance, for low battery costs ($150/kWh), electrified powertrains dominate and for higher battery costs ($450/kWh), hydrogen-fueled vehicles dominate, regardless of CCS and CSP availability. The results highlight the importance of a multi-sector approach and the importance of pursuing research and development of multiple fuel and vehicle technologies.
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| 4. |
- Groot, Jens, 1980
(författare)
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Statistic Method for Extraction of Synthetic Load Cycles
- 2009
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Ingår i: 24th International Battery, Hybrid and Fuel Cell Electric Vehicle Symposium and Exhibition 2009, EVS 24; Stavanger; Norway; 13 May 2009 through 16 May 2009. - 9781615674558 ; 2, s. 1336-1343
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Despite rapid development, the battery is still the single most expensive component in a HEV drivetrain. Consequently, its durability is critical to the overall feasibility of the vehicle. The battery ageing mechanisms and the resulting cycle life of HEV-optimised batteries are highly non-linear and difficult to test. In addition, the selection of load cycle profile is of great significance when battery cycle life is to be verified experimentally. This paper presents a statistic method for evaluation and simplification of dynamic load profiles based on measured load profiles from heavy-duty HEV applications. The presented method has been used to extract simplified synthetic load cycles with configurable energy throughput as well as different strategies for state-of-charge control. These cycles were also compared with reference cycles and evaluated regarding power distribution, energy distribution, energy window and energy throughput. The presented method was found to be a usable tool for creating new battery load cycles for cyclelife tests. In addition, it may be a useful to evaluate and compare statistical properties of measured cycles before initiating laboratory battery tests.
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| 5. |
- Göransson, Lisa, 1982, et al.
(författare)
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Plug-in hybrid electric vehicles as a mean to reduce CO2 emissions from electricity production
- 2009
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Ingår i: 24th International Battery, Hybrid and Fuel Cell Electric Vehicle Symposium and Exhibition 2009, EVS 24; Stavanger; Norway; 13 May 2009 through 16 May 2009. - 9781615674558 ; 4, s. 2614-2624
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Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- In this study we have investigated the consequences of integrating plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEV:s) in a wind-thermal power system supplied by one quarter of wind power and three quarters of thermal generation. A fleet of PHEV:s with an electricity consumption corresponding to 3%, 12% and 20%of the total electricity consumption has been integrated to the system (i.e. the total electricity consumption remains unaffected while the non-PHEV consumption is 97%, 88% and 80% in the three cases). Four PHEV integration strategies, with different impacts on the total electric load profile, have been investigated by means of a mixed integer model which can model the effects of the new load profiles on the dispatch of the units in the system and, thus, on the CO2-emissions from the system. The study shows that PHEV:s canreduce the CO2-emissions from the power system if actively integrated, whereas a passive approach to PHEV integration (i.e. letting people charge the car at will) is likely to result in an increase in emissions compared to a power system without PHEV load.The model simulations give that CO2 emissions of the power sector are reduced with up to 4.7% compared to a system without PHEV:s. If the reduction in emissions is allocated to the electricity consumed by the PHEV:s, the emissions from generation of this electricity are reduced from 588 kg CO2/MWh (windthermal system without PHEV:s) down to 367 kg CO2/MWh (PHEV:s actively integrated). Under the assumption that electric mode is about 3 times as efficient as standard gasoline operation, emissions from PHEV:s would then be less than half the emissions of a standard car, when running in electric mode.
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| 6. |
- Hedenus, Fredrik, 1976, et al.
(författare)
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The transportation energy carrier of the future. System interactions between the transportation and stationary sectors in a carbon constrained world
- 2009
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Ingår i: 24th International Battery, Hybrid and Fuel Cell Electric Vehicle Symposium and Exhibition 2009, EVS 24; Stavanger; Norway; 13 May 2009 through 16 May 2009. - 9781615674558 ; 2, s. 803-815
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Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The aim of this study is to examine how the options for producing electricity, fuels, and heat in a carbon constrained world affect cost-effective fuels and propulsion technologies in the transportation sector. GET 7.0, a global energy system model with five end-use sectors, is used for the analysis. We find that an energy system dominated by either solar thermal energy or nuclear power tends to make biofuels in plug-in hybrids cost-effective. If coal with carbon capture and storage dominates the energy system, hydrogen cars, rather than plug-in hybrids tends to become cost-effective. From a Monte Carlo analysis we conclude that the stationary energy system does not alone determine how the transportation sector develops, but that its impact on the absolute and the relative cost of energy carriers has a significant impact on the cost-effectiveness of different propulsion technologies. Thus, analyses of future energy carriers and propulsion technologies need to consider developments in the stationary energy sector.
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| 7. |
- Karlsson, Sten, 1951
(författare)
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Optimal size of PHEV batteries from a consumer perspective – estimation using car movement data and implications for data harvesting
- 2009
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Ingår i: World Electric Vehicle Journal. - : MDPI AG. - 2032-6653. ; 3:1, s. 387-395, s. 1160-1168
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Tidskriftsartikel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Due to expensiveness of PHEV batteries, the dimensioning of the batteries is very important. We derive the marginally optimal size from a consumer economics perspective and show that a crucial factor for optimal size and profitability is the marginal annual recharging frequency. We apply the analysis to a small set of Swedish vehicle movement data and demonstrate that the resulting optimal battery is highly dependent on the specific movement pattern of the individual car. We conclude that it is now urgent for the continued development, planning, and estimates of proliferation and impact of PHEVs, that statistical data, today mostly lacking, for the movement patterns of individual vehicles are assembled.
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