| 1. |
- Göran, Söderlund, et al.
(författare)
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Positive Effects of Noise on Cognitve Performance: Explaining the Moderate Brain Arousal Model
- 2008
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Ingår i: [Host publication title missing]. - 9783980834254 ; , s. 378-386
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Abstract in Undetermined Distractors and environmental noise has long been regarded as detrimental for cognitive processing. In particular children with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) are extremely sensitive to distraction from task irrelevant stimuli. However, recently it has been shown that exposure to auditory white noise facilitated cognitive performance in ADHD children whereas control children performed worse. The moderate brain arousal (MBA) model (Sikström & Söderlund, 2007) suggest that this selective effect of noise adheres from stochastic resonance (SR). This phenomenon occurs in any system where a signal plus noise requires passing of a threshold, for example the all or none nature of action potentials in neural systems. The basic assumption is that noise in the environment, through the perceptual system introduces noise in the neural system. According to the SR phenomenon moderate noise is beneficial for cognitive performance whereas both excessive and insufficient noise is detrimental. The MBA model suggests that the amount of noise required for optimal cognitive performance is modulated by levels of dopamine. The model predictes that low dopamine children, as in ADHD, require more noise compared to high dopamine children for optimal cognitive performance; in short, when dopamine is low noise is good.
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| 2. |
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| 3. |
- Ljung, Robert, et al.
(författare)
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Memory of a text heard in noise
- 2008
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Ingår i: ICBEN 2008. - Dortmund : IfADo. - 9783980834254 ; , s. 450-453
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- When spoken information is presented in unfavourable listening conditions a larger part of the available and limited information processing resources must be allocated to the identification of the words spoken. This leaves fewer resources for the further processing of the speech (the interpretation and storing of the information). In such circumstances understanding and memory of speech might be impaired although each word has been correctly heard. This hypothesis was confirmed in two previous studies where memory of a word list was shown to be impaired when presented in unfavourable listening conditions: unfavourable signal/noise ratio (Kjellberg, Ljung & Hallman, 2008) and a too long reverberation time (Ljung & Kjellberg, in press). Kjellberg et al. also found that the noise effect was weaker the better the working memory capacity (as measured with a reading span task).
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| 4. |
- Ljung, Robert, et al.
(författare)
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Recall of spoken words presented with a prolonged reverberation time
- 2008
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Ingår i: ICBEN 2008. - Dortmund : IfADo. - 9783980834254 ; , s. 403-409
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- The aim of the study was to explore if a long reverberation has the same effect on recall of spoken words as background noise was shown to have in a previous study. A further aim was to study the role of working memory capacity for performance in these conditions. Thirty-two subjects performed a word recall and a sentence recog-nition test. They repeated each word to ensure correct identification. A reading span test measured their working memory capacity. Performance of the word recall task was impaired by the long reverberation time. The effect was most evident in the pri-macy part of the word list. The reading span score was unrelated to recall perform-ance.
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| 5. |
- Söderlund, Göran, 1955-, et al.
(författare)
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Positive effects of noise on cognitive performance: Explaining the moderate brain arousal model
- 2008
-
Ingår i: Noise as a Public Health Problem. - Dortmund : Leibniz Gemeinschaft. - 9783980834254 ; , s. 378-386
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Distractors and environmental noise has long been regarded as detrimental for different kinds of cognitive processing. In particular children with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) are extremely sensitive to distraction from task irrelevant stimuli. However, recently the opposite has been shown in an empirical study by Söderlund et al. (2007). Exposure to auditory white noise facilitated cognitive performance in ADHD children whereas control children performed worse in the noise condition. The mechanisms behind this paradoxical effect is described by the moderate brain arousal (MBA) model (Sikström & Söderlund, 2007) where the selective effect of noise is accounted for by the phenomenon of stochastic resonance (SR). Stochastic resonance exists in any threshold-based system with random noise that requires passing of a threshold, e.g. the all or none nature of action potentials in neural systems. The basic assumption is that noise in the environment, through the perceptual system introduces internal noise in the neural system. According to the SR phenomenon moderate noise is beneficial for cognitive performance whereas both excessive and insufficient noise is detrimental. The MBA model suggests that dopamine levels modulate the amount of noise required for optimal cognitive performance. The model prediction is that low dopamine children, as in ADHD, require more noise as high dopamine children for optimal cognitive performance; in short, when dopamine is low noise is good.
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| 6. |
- Öhrström, Evy, 1946, et al.
(författare)
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Experimental studies on sleep disturbances due to railway and road traffic noise.
- 2008
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Ingår i: Proceedings of the 9th Congress of the International Commission on the Biological Effects of Noise (ICBEN) 2008, July 21-25, Foxwoods CT,USA. - 9783980834254 ; available on CD
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- According to EU position papers on annoyance and on sleep disturbance, railway noise causes less adverse effects than noise from road traffic and aircraft. Some more recent studies show, however, similar or even stronger effects from railway noise than road traffic. The present experimental study examined effects on sleep from railway and road traffic noise. Eighteen young, healthy subjects with normal hearing slept 5 nights in the laboratory. They were exposed during three nights to railway noise and two types of road traffic noise, one with the same equivalent sound level as the railway noise (Lnight 31 dB) and one with the same maximum sound level as the railway noise (LAFmax 54 dB). The frequency spectra of the three sound exposures were filtered to correspond to a realistic situation in the home with the bedroom window slightly open. Sleep quality was evaluated by questionaires. The overall results revealed no differences in subjective sleep (time for falling asleep, difficulties in falling asleep, sleep quality or nighttime annoyance due to noise) between nights with railway noise and nights with road traffic noise. The average number of awakenings per night was however somewhat higher for railway noise (2.2 awakenings) as compared with the road traffic noises (1.5 and 1.3). The results from the present study contradict, to some extent, the results obtained in the latest meta analysis of dose-response relationships between sleep disturbances and different types of traffic noise, which suggest that railway noise causes less sleep disturbances than road traffic noise.
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