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- Ball, John
(författare)
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Risk analysis of game meat-borne hazards induced by hunting rifle bullets: intermediate report on German field studies
- 2014
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Ingår i: Trends in game meat hygiene : from forest to fork. - The Netherlands : Wageningen Academic Publishers. - 9789086862382 ; , s. 353-362
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Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Meat from wild game may contribute to alimentary lead exposure of consumers. Lead causes adverse effects to the human central nervous as well as cardiovascular/renal systems. Wild game is usually killed by shooting in the anterior body region, where the penetrating bullet damages vital structures and effectuates death. In the past, selection of bullet materials and construction has mostly been governed by cost and applicability to hunting practice, and lead has been a major compound in rifle bullets. The annual number of downed game animals in Germany exceeds 1.5 million for the species roe deer (Capreolus capreolus), wild boar (Sus scrofa), red deer (Cervus elaphus), and fallow deer (Dama dama). In 2006 and 2010, the German federal and state governments launched extensive research programmes on the suitability of bullets for hunting, and for a better understanding of the terminal ballistics needed for quick, humane kills. Furthermore, in 2012 a research programme into the deposition of bullet material into marketable meat was launched by German federal and state governments in cooperation with the private sector (meat processors, vendors and ammunition manufacturers, and federal and state non-governmental organisations). The scope of this study (not yet completed) was to monitor the content of lead (Pb), copper (Cu) and zinc (Zn), in marketable game meat and to determine which fractions are attributable to bullets and which to other environmental sources. Based on our initial results, we propose to use terminal ballistic data and computer tomography of ballistic test media to further understand the mechanisms of contamination of game meat via bullet material.
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| 2. |
- Vågsholm, Ivar
(författare)
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Public health issues relating to zoonoses in wildlife and farmed game
- 2014
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Ingår i: Trends in game meat hygiene: from forest to fork. - The Netherlands : Wageningen Academic Publishers. - 9789086862382 ; :1, s. 31-58
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Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Wildlife veterinarians are crucial for the protection of public, environmental and animal health as well as for food safety. In addition, meat from farmed game and wildlife is a high quality protein source, produced with less environmental impact and will be a part of future food security. In a ‘One Health' context not only food safety, but also the early warning through the monitoring and surveillance of emerging biological or chemical hazards will be tasks for game veterinarians. The early warning enables proactive risk management as game animals are sentinels for emerging public, animal and environmental health threats. It is therefore imperative that all the information from monitoring and surveillance of wildlife and farmed game is analysed and put into a holistic and global context. It is important that the diagnostic capabilities, resources of necropsies, but also the information gathering and analysis are coordinated both locally and globally. Examples of hot spots and/or major drivers for emerging diseases are the domestication of species and anthropogenic changes of habitats. One important source of information on the presence of public, environmental and animal health risks both present and emerging, is the meat inspection of game animals (both farmed and wild) to assure the fitness for human consumption. In conclusion, the role of the wildlife veterinarian is and will remain to be vital in terms of one health/one medicine, as well as for assuring future food security. The principal change (and indeed a paradigm shift) is to go from the current one point meat inspection system based on individual animal inspection to an integrated food safety assurance system. To achieve this, the risk mitigation including meat inspection will have to be adaptive and risk based. Prevalence targets for game farms and on carcases before chilling could be helpful tools
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