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| 2. |
- Hultman, Bengt, 1941-, et al.
(author)
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Integration of water and sanitation – a challenge to reach sustainability goals
- 2007
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In: Integration and optimisation of urban sanitation systems. - 9789171788269 ; , s. 13-19
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Conference paper (other academic/artistic)abstract
- Possible benefits of integration of water and sanitation are discussed based on results from a Polish-Swedish research co-operation project supported by the Swedish Institute (SI). A relationship exists between total pollution emission and resources depletion, population, produced goods per capita, and pollution emission and resources depletion per unit of goods. As population and products per capita grow pollution emission and resources depletion per unit of goods must decrease significantly each year to comply with sustainability. Integration of water, wastewater, and solid waste handling and its relation to energy is discussed as a way to improve the direction towards sustainability and to use ecology concepts on water and sanitation in municipalities or river basins.
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| 3. |
- Levlin, Erik, 1951-
(author)
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Phosphorus recovery from sewage sludge : Two-step leaching process with acid and base
- 2007
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In: Integration and optimisation of urban sanitation systems. - 9789171788269 ; , s. 71-80
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Conference paper (other academic/artistic)abstract
- In earlier studies sludge incineration ash and SCWO-residues have been leached with acid andbase. Acid leaching gives a high degree of recovery but releases besides phosphate also the mainpart of other metals (including heavy metals). Leaching with base (NaOH) gives a less dissolutionof metals however with lower degree of recovery (up to about 50 %). When leaching with base,the calcium content in the sludge probably binds phosphorus as calcium phosphate.In this study a two-step leaching process has been tested. Ash and SCWO-residues are in the firststep leached with acid, with the main purpose to dissolve calcium. After leaching experiments withhydrochloric acid and acetic acid at different pH-levels from 3 to 6 leaching with acetic acid at pHlevel4 was chosen as the first leaching step. With a weak acid the dissolution reaction can occur atthe desired pH-level without limitation caused by insufficient amount of acid. In the secondleaching step the solid products was leached with 1 M sodium hydroxide. Two-step leaching gavefor SCWO-residue 23% higher leaching of phosphate and for sludge incineration ash 11 % higherleaching. However, aluminium was also dissolved in the second leaching step, and has to beseparated from the phosphate in a third process step.
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| 5. |
- Szatkowska, Beata, et al.
(author)
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Partial nitritation/Anammox and CANON Nitrogen removal systems followed by conductivity measurements
- 2007
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In: Integration and optimisation of urban sanitation systems. - 9789171788269 ; , s. 109-117
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Conference paper (other academic/artistic)abstract
- The deammonification process is a new biological promising method for a separate treatment ofammonium-rich digester supernatant. Its application can significantly reduce the nitrogen load inWastewater Treatment Plants (WWTPs). The method is a two-step process and it can beaccomplished in two separate stages (partial nitritation and Anammox) or in a singe one (CANON).Both these systems were tested at pilot plants: the CANON process in a laboratory-scale plant whilepartial nitritation/Anammox in a technical-scale one. The pilot plants were filled with Kaldnes ringsas biofilm carriers and supplied with supernatant, coming from digested sludge dewatering at theBromma and Himmerfjärden WWTPs, Stockholm, Sweden. The supernatant main ions - ammoniumand hydrogen carbonate - were converted during the processes to carbon dioxide and nitrogen gasmolecules and therefore the process performance could be followed by conductivity measurements.The experiments proved that conductivity was an easy and simple method to monitor the nitrogenremoval processes. Moreover, the data from on-line conductivity instruments, installed in theAnammox reactor of the technical-scale pilot plant, showed great similarity with the manualmeasurements.
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