| 1. |
- Ahlgren, Erik, 1962, et al.
(författare)
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The value of excess heat-profitability and CO2 balances
- 2012
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Ingår i: Systems Perspectives on Biorefineries 2012. - 9789198030013 ; , s. 80-88
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Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Biorefineries produce many different types of products for a wide range of markets with specific characteristics. In this chapter we will discuss the implication of the availability of markets for one particular product, heat. Heat may be regarded either as waste or as a co-product of the process and the usability of heat depends largely on two issues: the temperature of the heat, and the opportunities for integrating the biorefinery with activities demanding heat,e.g. district heating systems or heat-demanding industrial processes. The aim of the present chapter is to present and discuss the importance and limitations of integration with district heating systems (DH-systems) for the profitability and CO2 mitigation potential of biorefineries.
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| 2. |
- Berndes, Göran, 1966
(författare)
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How much biomass is available?
- 2012
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Ingår i: Systems Perspectives on Biorefineries 2012. - 9789198030013 ; , s. 36-47
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Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)
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| 3. |
- Berntsson, Thore, 1947, et al.
(författare)
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What is a biorefinery?
- 2012
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Ingår i: Systems Perspectives on Biorefineries 2012. - 9789198030013 ; , s. 16-25
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Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The term “biorefinery” appeared in the 1990’s in response to a least four industry trends. First, there was an increased awareness in industry of the need to use biomass resources in a more rational way both economically and environmentally. The environmental issue was both policy and consumer driven. Second, therewas a growing interest in upgrading more low-quality lignocellulosic biomass to valuable products. Third, there was an increased attention to the production of starch for energy applications. Finally, there was a perceived need to develop more high-value products and diversify the product mix in order to meet global competi- tion and, in some cases, utilise an excess of biomass (especially in the pulp and paper industry).In a biorefinery, biomass is upgraded to one or more valuable products such as transport fuels, materials, chemicals, electricity and, as byproduct, heat. In principle all types of biomass can be used, e.g. wood, straw, starch, sugars, waste and algae. But there is more to it than that. The aim of this chapter is to explain in some more detail what a biorefinery is or could be.There have been many attempts to determine what should be meant by a “biorefinery” and in the next section we provide some of the definitions and additional meaning that has been attached to the concept. To give a more in-depth understanding of what a biorefinery might be, the following sections describe process technologies that are often considered as key constituent parts of biorefineries and some opportunities for integration in existing processing industry that also can be viewed as biorefining.
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| 4. |
- Hellsmark, Hans, 1974, et al.
(författare)
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Policy challenges in realising biomass gasification in the European Union
- 2012
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Ingår i: Systems Perspectives on Biorefineries 2012. - 9789198030013 ; , s. 89-100
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Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The transport sector is today totally dominated by fossil oil-based fuels, above all gasoline and diesel. In order to decrease the fossil greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from the transport sector, and the dependency on crude oil which isa scarce resource, one option is to introduce biomass derived motor fuels, here called biofuels. However, biomass is also a limited resource which makes efficient resource utilization essential. Therefore, the usage of biomass for biofuel production will have to be compared to other possible ways to use the limited biomass resource.The biomass derived transportation fuels that are available today includes, for example, ethanol from sugar or starch crops and biodiesel from esterified veg- etable oil. Biofuels based on lignocellulosic feedstock are under development. The two main production routes are gasification of solid biomass or black liquor followed by synthesis into, for example, methanol, dimethyl ether (DME), synthetic natural gas (SNG) or Fischer-Tropsch diesel (FTD), and ethanol produced from lignocellulosic biomass. Potential lignocel- lulosic feedstocks include forest residues, waste wood, black liquor and farmed wood. What feedstock will come to predominate in a country or region will very much depend on local conditions.When evaluating the greenhouse gas emission balances or overall energy efficiency of introduction of new biomass-based technologies, it is important to adopt life cycle perspective and consider the impact of all steps from feedstock to final product(s). There are a number of different approaches that can be used for this purpose, and different choices can be made for each step from feedstock to product. Thus, different studies can come to very different conclusions about, for example, the climate effect for a given product and feedstock. These issues have been heavily debated, particularly regarding evaluation of different biofuel routes. Parameters identified as responsible for introducing the largest variations and uncertainties are to a large part connected to system related assumptions, for example system boundaries, reference system, allocation methods, time frame and functional unit. The purpose of this chapter is to discuss a selection of these issues, in order to give the reader an improved understanding of the complexity of evaluating GHG emission balances for different biorefinery products, with biofuels used as an example.
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| 5. |
- Janssen, Mathias, 1973
(författare)
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Market potential of biorefinery products
- 2012
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Ingår i: Systems Perspectives on Biorefineries 2012. - 9789198030013 ; , s. 26-35
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Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Human beings have always influenced their habitats and the conversion of natural ecosystems to anthropogenic landscapes is perhaps the most evident alterationof the Earth. Human societies have put almost half of the world’s land surface to their service, and human land use has caused extensive land degradation and biodiversity loss, and also emissions to air and water contributing to impacts such as eutrophication, acidification, stratospheric ozone depletion and climate change. The substitution of biomass with fossil resources has – together with the intensification of agriculture – saved large areas from deforestation and conversion to agricultural land. However, intensified land management and the use of oil, coal and natural gas cause many of the environmental impacts we see today. Societies therefore take measures to reduce the dependence on fossil resources and return to relying more on biomass and other renewable resources.
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| 6. |
- Lind, Fredrik, 1978, et al.
(författare)
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What is the efficiency of a biorefinery?
- 2012
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Ingår i: Systems Perspectives on Biorefineries 2012. - 9789198030013 ; , s. 59-71
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Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)
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| 7. |
- Pettersson, Karin, 1981, et al.
(författare)
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How much can biofuels reduce greenhouse gas emissions?
- 2012
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Ingår i: Systems Perspectives on Biorefineries 2012. - 9789198030013 ; , s. 72-79
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Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The transport sector is today totally dominated by fossil oil-based fuels, aboveall gasoline and diesel. In order to decrease the fossil greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from the transport sector, and the dependency on crude oil which isa scarce resource, one option is to introduce biomass derived motor fuels, here called biofuels. However, biomass is also a limited resource which makes efficient resource utilization essential. Therefore, the usage of biomass for biofuel production will have to be compared to other possible ways to use the limited biomass resource.The biomass derived transportation fuels that are available today includes, for example, ethanol from sugar or starch crops and biodiesel from esterified veg- etable oil. Biofuels based on lignocellulosic feedstock are under development. The two main production routes are gasification of solid biomass or black liquor followed by synthesis into, for example, methanol, dimethyl ether (DME), synthetic natural gas (SNG) or Fischer-Tropsch diesel (FTD), and ethanol produced from lignocellulosic biomass. Potential lignocel- lulosic feedstocks include forest residues, waste wood, black liquor and farmed wood. What feedstock will come to predominate in a country or region will very much depend on local conditions.When evaluating the greenhouse gas emission balances or overall energy efficiency of introduction of new biomass-based technologies, it is important to adopt life cycle perspective and consider the impact of all steps from feedstock to final product(s). There are a number of different approaches that can be used for this purpose, and different choices can be made for each step from feedstock to product. Thus, different studies can come to very different conclusions about, for example, the climate effect for a given product and feedstock. These issues have been heavily debated, particularly regarding evaluation of different biofuel routes. Parameters identified as responsible for introducing the largest variations and uncertainties are to a large part connected to system related assumptions, for example system boundaries, reference system, allocation methods, time frame and functional unit. The purpose of this chapter is to discuss a selection of these issues, in order to give the reader an improved understanding of the complexity of evaluating GHG emission balances for different biorefinery products, with biofuels used as an example.
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| 8. |
- Pettersson, Karin, 1981, et al.
(författare)
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Opportunities for biorefineries in the pulping industry
- 2012
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Ingår i: Systems Perspectives on Biorefineries 2012. - 9789198030013 ; , s. 48-58
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Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Increased energy and raw material prices along with tougher competition and contracting markets for pulp products have highlighted the need for the pulp industry to enlarge their traditional product portfolio with new value-added products. There is also a strong growing interest from society to replace petroleum-based products with products from renewable sources. The spent cooking liquor in a kraft pulp mill, called black liquor, is today used for electricity and steam production, but it could partly be converted into other valuable products, making use of the chemical structures of complex organic compounds derived from the wood components. Moreover, the cellulose fraction which is currently used for paper products canbe used for other purposes, such as production of biofuels or specialty cellulose products. In addition, there are new possibilities to make use of low quality biomass, for example forest residues.The pulp mills have good prerequisites to become the future biorefineries. Firstly, the scale of the industry means both large volumes of biomass feedstock in large production sites permitting economies of scale. Secondly, some by-product streams, e.g. black liquor, are already partly processed in pulp production and can be more suitable for further refining than wood waste, agro fibres or other natural- fibre feedstock. Biomass is a more complex raw material than petroleum and utilizing partly processed streams permits a very efficient resource use. Thirdly, location of the new industries at the pulp mill means excellent process integration opportunities (access to heat sources and heat sinks, waste and effluent handling, water, general infrastructure and logistics).
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| 9. |
- Sandén, Björn, 1968, et al.
(författare)
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Assessing biorefineries
- 2012
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Ingår i: Systems Perspectives on Biorefineries 2012. - 9789198030013 ; , s. 6-15
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Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Biomass, a product of the solar energy influx and the synthesis of carbon dioxide and water, has been used since the dawn of humanity, always as a source of food and as a source of energy and materials since the invention of controlled fire and simple tools some hundred thousand years ago. The transition from hunting and gathering to agriculture has over the last five millennia led to a rapid increase of world population and a human dominance over the Earth’s land surface and biota.
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