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- Ajdari, Sima, 1985, et al.
(författare)
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Risk Evaluation of Household Hazardous Waste-A case study
- 2009
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Ingår i: Proceedings of International Symposium on Occupational Safety and Hygiene SHO 2009, 5-6 February, Guimarães, Portugal. - 9789729950452 ; , s. pp. 23-27
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- ABSTRACTCertain chemicals in household products, when not used up to the completion at homes, may have the potential to spread hazards. These chemicals consist of heavy metals, pesticides and various types of solvent which may be persistent and can cause severe damage to public and environment. These types of waste shall be collected separately from other waste and are in general destroyed in some kind of specific destruction plant. Everyone who creates hazardous waste is responsible for a proper collection. When it comes to household hazardous waste (HHW) this could be a problem since it assumes that everyone in the society has enough knowledge of how to make a proper collection. Some types of hazardous waste are well-known and easy to recognize, e.g. solvents and batteries, but many people do not have any idea about some of the harmful products which they use and waste. Due to the fact that the hazardous waste is spread out in all households and that everyone is responsible for their own collection, leakages into the environment are possible in today's system. Therefore, a fact finding study is needed to be conducted to see: what would be the main causes of the release of household hazardous wastes (HHW) into the environment during the collection and to evaluate the risks of such an event. This study is carried out based on two studies conducted at Chalmers University of Technology and focused on a case related to collection procedure of HHW in Gothenburg city, Sweden. The aim of the study is to develop a framework to find the most hazardous scenarios, the main causes of release of HHW into the environment. The goal is to propose a guide line to improve the collection procedure with lowest or acceptable risk.Initially, by using “what if” analysis the most important possible scenarios have been discovered. The results have been used in constructing a “fish bone” diagram to analyze the collection methods in Gothenburg city in order to discover the most important causes of the release of hazardous waste into the environment. Based on the fact that nearly 20% of the HHWs are not collected at all (reference), the most hazardous scenario is when “there is no attempt to collect the household hazardous waste”. Subsequently a few scenarios of release to nature have been chosen to be investigated by setting up a model for semi quantitative risk analysis. Risk ranking has been performed with the aim of determining areas associated with high and very high risks. Finally, potential improvements have been discussed.
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| 2. |
- Bakti Cahyono, Rochim, 1983, et al.
(författare)
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Safety Evaluation and Improvement in an Ethylene Oxide Reactor
- 2009
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Ingår i: Proceedings of International Symposium on Occupational Safety and Hygiene SHO 2009, 5-6 February, Guimarães, Portugal. - 9789729950452 ; , s. 101-104
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- ABSTRACTEthylene Oxide (EO) is one of the essential chemicals in industrial processes. At ambient temperature, EO is an uncoloured gas with a somewhat sweet odour. The market value of EO is very high since its field of application is large. Above all, EO is used as input component in the production of many different chemical products, i.e. bromide fluid, cosmetic and anti-freezing medium in engines.Handling EO is very complicated because of its flammability. It is very dangerous in many ways. If released uncontrollably it is very likely that a powerful explosion will take place. Exposure to EO may also result in health problems. EO is toxic, carcinogenic, caustic and allergenic.The first stage of EO production is direct oxidation of ethylene, which takes place in a reactor under high pressure and temperature. The reaction is exothermic and has a high potential of runaway followed by an explosion. Therefore, the design, operation and maintenance procedures require proper safety concern.The objective of this project is to identify all possible hazards in the process of EO reactor and to introduce some safety actions in order to minimize the risk of potential accidents. Thus, guideline to improve the safety of EO reactor can be proposed.In this study, some risk assessment tools such as HAZOP and FMEA are used to identify the most hazardous scenarios concerning the reaction phase of the process. Operating condition hazards is evaluated using HAZOP, while equipment hazards and failures are analyzed using FMEA. The results of the study in terms of safeguards and suggestions can be used to improve the EO reactor safety.
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