| 1. |
- Ahlgren, Erik, 1962, et al.
(författare)
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Biokombi Rya - slutrapporter från ingående delprojekt
- 2007
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Inom projektet Biokombi Rya har ett flertal olika forskargrupper samarbetat för att studera system¬effekterna av förgasning av biobränsle ur olika aspekter. Syftet med projektet är att öka kunskapen om biobränsleförgasning i Sverige samt att utreda förutsättningar för att sådana anläggningar ska vara ekonomiskt och miljömässigt intressanta. En referensgrupp har varit kopplad till projektet där förutsättningar, resultat och slutsatser har behandlats.I denna underlagsrapport har slutrapporterna från projektets delprojekt samlats. De beskriver förutsättningar, metodansatser, använda data och resultat utförligt och utgör på så sätt ett viktigt komplement till den mer övergripande beskrivningen i projektets syntesrapport. De delrapporter som ingår har valts för att täcka in samtliga delar av projektet som är av allmänt intresse. Projektresultat som publicerats på annat sätt berörs dock mer kortfattat.Projektet Biokombi Rya har pågått under två år (2005-2006) och drivits av Chalmers EnergiCentrum. Förutom de omfattande analysinsatser som författarna till denna rapport står för, har Avdelningen för kemisk teknologi vid KTH, Siemens Industrial Turbines AB och Göteborg Energi AB bidragit med expertstöd. CIT Industriell Energianalys, med undertecknad som projektledare, har stått för projektledning och koordination.Projektet har finansierats av Energimyndigheten, Göteborg Energis forsknings¬stiftelse samt Göteborg Energi AB.
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| 2. |
- Harvey, Simon, 1965, et al.
(författare)
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Energy market scenarios for evaluating energy efficiency measures in industrial energy systems
- 2004
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Ingår i: Proceedings, 2nd World Conference and Technology Exhibition on Biomass for Energy, Industry and Climate Protection. 10-14 May, 2004, Rome, Italy. - 8889407034 ; , s. pp 2170-2173
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Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Decreasing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions will be a major driver when designing or retrofitting industrial process energy systems in the future. Energy system investments often have a long lifetime, thus assessing the economic and climate change impact of such projects is usually difficult, given the fluctuations of fuel and electricity prices. Further uncertainty arises when costs resulting from energy policy instruments aiming at reducing GHG emissions (e.g. CO2 taxes) must be taken into account. The goal of this paper is to transfer knowledge from the field of energy market and energy systems forecasting to the area of industrial energy systems. Based on an analysis of results from a number of energy market forecasting projects, several energy market scenarios are presented that cover a wide range of possible evolutions of the Nordic energy market. The scenarios can then be used to gain a better understanding of the long term economic and climate change consequences of different energy system projects at a given process site. This project was undertaken with the aim of developing tools for evaluating energy system options in the pulp and paper industry, thus particular emphasis is placed on developing pricing models for biofuel.
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| 3. |
- Ådahl, Anders, 1972, et al.
(författare)
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Assessing the value of pulp mill biomass savings in a climate change conscious economy
- 2006
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Ingår i: Energy Policy. - : Elsevier BV. - 0301-4215. ; 34:15, s. 2330-2343
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Pulp mills use significant amounts of biofuels, both internal and purchased. Biofuels could contribute to reach greenhouse gas emission targets at competitive costs. Implementing process integration measures at a pulp mill in order to achieve pulp production with less use of energy (biofuels) has not only on-site consequences but also off-site consequences, such as substitution of fossil fuels elsewhere by the saved pulp mill biofuels, and less on-site electric power generation. In this paper a method, a linking model, is suggested to analyse pulp mill biofuel saving measures when carbon dioxide (CO2) external costs are internalised. The linking model is based on equilibrium economics and links information from CO2 constrained energy market future scenarios with process integration measures. Pulp mill economics and marginal energy market CO2 response are identified. In an applied study, four process integration measures at a Swedish pulp mill were analysed using five energy market future scenarios emanating from a Nordic energy model. The investigated investment alternatives for biofuel savings all result in positive net annual savings, irrespectively of the scenario used. However, CO2 emissions may increase or decrease depending on the future development of the Nordic energy market.
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| 4. |
- Ådahl, Anders, 1972, et al.
(författare)
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Economic and greenhouse gas emissions assessment for extraction of excess biomass from future kraft pulp mills
- 2002
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Ingår i: 6th International Conference on Greenhouse Gas Control Technologies, October 1-4, 2002, Kyoto, Japan.. - 1404-7098.
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Different studies have shown that the process heat requirements of future pulp mills can be satisfied using available internal biomass (bark and lignin), which are process by-products. Assuming that biomass is CO2 neutral, further reducing the process heat demand will not therefore lead to further reduction of Greenhouse Gas (GHG) emissions – unless the excess biomass is extracted and used elsewhere to substitute fossil fuels. Previous work has demonstrated the potential to extract and export significant amounts of biofuel from future pulp mills. The associated extraction costs can be competitive with conventional forest fuels. However, biofuel extraction reduces the mill’s potential to cogenerate electric power. This reduced power output must be compensated by increased purchased power from the grid, with associated costs and emissions. Such emissions must be affected to the extracted biofuel, which cannot therefore be considered as CO2 neutral. This paper presents results for costs and associated greenhouse gas emissions for excess biofuel extracted from a pulp mill. The results show that the extraction costs are competitive, but that the greenhouse gas emissions associated with the exported biofuel can be significant and must therefore not be neglected.
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| 5. |
- Ådahl, Anders, 1972, et al.
(författare)
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Economic and greenhouse gas emissions assessment of excess biomass extracted from future kraft pulp mills
- 2002
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Ingår i: Proceedings of the 6th International Conference on Greenhouse Gas Control Technologies. ; 1, s. 1237-1242
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Different studies have shown that the process heat requirements of future pulp mills can be satisfied usingavailable internal biomass (bark and lignin), which are process by-products. Assuming that biomass is CO2 neutral, further reducing the process heat demand will not therefore lead to further reduction of Greenhouse Gas (GHG) emissions - unless the excess biomass is extracted and used elsewhere to substitute fossil fuels. Previous work has demonstrated the potential to extract and export significant amounts of biofuel from future pulp mills. The associated extraction costs can be competitive with conventional forest fuels. However, biofuel extraction reduces the mill's potential to cogenerate electric power. This reduced power output must be compensated by increased purchased power from the grid, with associated costs and emissions. Such emissions must be affected to the extracted biofuel, which cannot therefore be considered as CO2 neutral. This paper presents results for costs and associated greenhouse gas emissions for excess biofuel extracted from a pulp mill. The results show that the extraction costs are competitive, but that the greenhouse gas emissions associated with the exported biofuel can be significant and must therefore not be neglected.
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| 6. |
- Ådahl, Anders, 1972, et al.
(författare)
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Energy efficiency investments in Kraft pulp mills given uncertain climate policy
- 2007
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Ingår i: International Journal of Energy Research. ; 2007:31, s. 486-505
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Energy efficiency measures in pulp mills can potentially reduce the consumption of biofuel, which can instead be exported and used elsewhere. In this paper a methodology is proposed for analysing the robustness of energy efficiency investments in Kraft pulp mills or other industrial process plants equipped with biofuelled combined heat and power units, given uncertain future climate policy. The outlook for biofuel and electricity prices is a key factor for deciding if energy efficiency measures are cost competitive. CO2 emission charges resulting from climate policy are internalized and thus included in electricity and biofuel prices. The proposed methodology includes a price-setting model for biofuel that assumes a constant price ratio between biofuel and electricity in the Nordic countries. Thirteen energy efficiency retrofit measures are analysed for an existing Swedish Kraft pulp mill. Special attention is paid to heatintegrated evaporation using excess process heat. Four possible energy market development paths are considered that reflect different climate policies. Pulp mill energy efficiency investments considered are shown to be robust with respect to uncertain climate policy. Copyright # 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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| 7. |
- Ådahl, Anders, 1972, et al.
(författare)
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Linking process integration and energy market scenarios to evaluate biomass saving measures at pulp mills
- 2004
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Ingår i: Proceedings, 2nd World Conference and Technology Exhibition on Biomass for Energy, Industry and Climate Protection. 10-14 May, 2004, Rome, Italy. - 8889407034 ; , s. pp 2202-2205
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Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This paper presents a methodology to analyse total system costs and CO2 emission consequences for energy efficiency measures at a process plant when biofuels are saved and sold on the energy market. Process integration measures and energy market scenarios are linked for a rational treatment of for example electricity prices, fuel prices, and policy instruments. Promising process integration measures are analysed using a set of energy scenarios in order to cover different possible future developments. For each scenario marginal biomass utilisation and marginal electricity production is identified, assuming that a process integration measure is a distortion to the baseline defined by each scenario. The scenarios used emanate from a large energy market model covering the Nordic countries from 1995 to 2050. The methodology is applied to a pulp plant located in Sweden. Results show that there are several options to find in-house process integration measures at pulp mills to increase biofuel market supply at competitive costs. Even so, CO2 emission consequences for the measures are very dependent on scenario used. In some cases CO2 emissions may even increase.
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| 8. |
- Ådahl, Anders, 1972
(författare)
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Process Industry Energy Projects in a Climate Change Conscious Economy
- 2004
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Most industrial process plants consume large amounts of energy (usually in the form of steam and electricity) to produce demanded goods, such as beer or paper. However, combustion of fossil fuels has negative external effects on the Earths climate. In a climate change conscious economy such externalities can be addressed through incentive-based policy instruments. As a result, fossil fuel prices can be expected to increase, as well as prices for electricity and climate change neutral fuels such as biofuel. Many studies have shown the substantial potential for energy savings in process plants. Most process plants are energy market actors as a result of e.g. on-site electricity cogeneration, delivery of excess heat to district heating networks, or trading on emerging biofuel markets. Thus, energy projects at process plants will be affected by climate policy. This thesis addresses the issue of evaluating process industry energy projects given an uncertain, but climate conscious, development of the energy market. The perspective of industrial decision-making applies primarily. The main emphasis is put on development of analysis methods and tools, including classification of influencing parameters, systematic energy market scenario approaches, system boundary considerations, cost-effectiveness graphical tools for CO2 reduction assessment, and a biofuel price-setting model adopting a constant electricity-to-biofuel price ratio for the Nordic countries. The thesis includes several applied studies conducted considering the Nordic energy market and its assumed climate conscious future development. The results show that energy projects in process plants can be cost-competitive compared to other measures for reducing CO2 emissions in the Nordic countries. The results for specific studies of pulp mill energy systems indicate that biofuel saving measures in pulp mills are both economically competitive and robust and thus entail only a small risk with respect to uncertain development of future climate policy. It should, however, be noted that total CO2 emissions associated with pulp mill biofuel savings may increase or decrease depending on the future development of the Nordic energy market. For industrial combined heat and power (CHP) the results are complex. The applied studies illustrate the importance of choice of emissions baseline for electricity and/or biofuel usage for determining the total CO2 emissions consequences of energy projects.
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| 9. |
- Ådahl, Anders, 1972, et al.
(författare)
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Process industry energy retrofits: the importance of emission baselines for greenhouse gas reductions
- 2004
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Ingår i: Energy Policy. ; :32, s. 1375-1388
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- AbstractFuel combustion for heat and/or electric power production is often the largest contributor of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissionsfrom an industrial process plant. Economically feasible options to reduce these emissions include fuel switching and retrofitting theplants energy system. Process integration methods and tools can be used to evaluate potential retrofit measures. For assessing theGHG emissions reduction potential for the measures considered, it is also necessary to define appropriate GHG emission baselines.This paper presents a systematic GHG emission calculation method for retrofit situations including improved heat exchange,integration of combined heat and power (CHP) units, and combinations of both. The proposed method is applied to five differentindustrial processes in order to compare the impact of process specific parameters and energy market specific parameters. Forpotential GHG emission reductions the results from the applied study reveal that electricity grid emissions are significantly moreimportant than differences between individual processes. Based on the results of the study, it is suggested that for sustainableinvestment decision considerations a conservative emission baseline is most appropriate. Even so, new industrial CHP in theNorthern European energy market could play a significant role in the common effort to decrease GHG emissions.
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| 10. |
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