| 1. |
- Antonsson, Helena, 1962-
(författare)
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Interaktion i särskilt boende för personer med utvecklingsstörning och utmanande beteende
- 2013
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Bakgrund: Många personer med utvecklingsstörning har kommunikativa svårigheter och har därför behov av att utveckla olika sätt att kommunicera för att kunna förstå andra och göra sig förstådda. Svårigheter i kommunikationen påverkar interaktionen mellan personer med utvecklingsstörning och deras vårdare. Detta ställer höga krav på vårdare att kunna tolka och förstå den enskilda individens sätt att uttrycka önskningar och behov. På samma sätt riskerar vårdares budskap att missförstås. Om vårdaren misslyckas att förstå den boendes kommunikation och vice versa, kan det leda till situationer med utmanande beteende exempelvis i form av vägran, verbal eller fysisk aggressivitet.Syfte: Det övergripande syftet med avhandlingen är att studera interaktion mellan vuxna personer med utvecklingsstörning och vårdare i gruppbostäder, samt att studera effekter av en utbildningsintervention för vårdare som arbetar i gruppbostäder.Metod: Avhandlingens samtliga delstudier har genomförts i gruppbostäder för personer med utvecklingsstörning bland boende och vårdare i ett län i norra Sverige. I studie I insamlades data kring 556 personer med utvecklingsstörning. I studie II och III deltog 16 vårdare och 11 personer med utvecklingsstörning. I studie IV deltog 7 vårdare. Studie I bygger på personalens skattningar av funktionsnivåer och förekomst av begränsningsåtgärder. I Studie II och III utgörs data av videoobservationer och narrativa intervjuer. I studie IV användes flera datainsamlingsmetoder i en mixed method design med både vårdarnas skattningar, med hjälp av instrument och semi-strukturerade intervjuer. Analys av materialet i studie II, III och IV har gjorts med kvalitativ innehållsanalys och i studie I och IV har data analyserats statistiskt.Resultat: I studie I framkom att av 556 boende hade 99 (18%) varit föremål för fysiska begränsningsåtgärder under den senaste veckan. Av dessa 99 hade nästan alla varit föremål för mer än en typ av begränsningsåtgärd. Den vanligaste begränsningsåtgärden var bälte i stol (74%). Användningen av begränsningsåtgärder var relaterade både till fysiska funktionsnedsättningar och till beteende.I studie II reflekterade vårdare över videoinspelad interaktion där vårdarna medverkat, både framgångsrik och misslyckad interaktion. Exempel på framgångsrik interaktion var att förstå tecken, kunna möta behov och hantera situationer med utmanande beteenden. Vårdarna reflekterade över att framgångsrik interaktion ledde till säkerhet, trygghet och självförtroende hos de boende. Vårdarna reflekterade även över de konsekvenser misslyckad interaktion fick i form av irritation, aggression och våld från de boende.I studie III studerades videoinspelad interaktion mellan 11 personer med utvecklingsstörning och 16 av deras vårdare. Verbal och icke-verbal interaktion identifierades. Fyra inspelade situationer valdes ut för att belysa framgångsrikt samspel. Resultatet visade att framgångsrikt samspel mellan personer med utvecklingsstörning och deras vårdare bland annat bygger på möjligheten att bekräfta varandra, dela vardagshändelser, ge tid och utrymme och på att använda ett kongruent och tydligt språk.I studie IV utvärderades effekterna av en web-baserad utbildningsintervention, vars syfte var att förbättra interaktionen mellan personer med utvecklingsstörning och vårdare samt att därmed reducera förekomsten av situationer med utmanande beteende. Resultatet visade att vårdarna hade förbättrat sin förmåga att hantera situationer med utmanande beteende och att förekomsten av utmanande beteende minskat. Vårdarna beskrev att den web-baserade utbildningen upplevts givande och möjlig att ta del av parallellt med arbetet.Slutsats: Fysiska begränsningsåtgärder förekommer i gruppbostäder för personer med utvecklingsstörning. Användningen av begränsningsåtgärder kan vara relaterade både till fysiska funktionsnedsättningar och till beteenden i samspelet mellan brukare och vårdare. Vårdare upplever användningen av fysiska begränsningsåtgärder svår och tröttande. Brott i kommunikationen mellan personer med utvecklingsstörning och deras vårdare kan leda till försvårad interaktion med risk för situationer med utmanande beteenden. När vårdare är framgångsrika i interaktionen med personer med utvecklingsstörning ger det tillfredsställelse både för de boende och vårdarna. Vårdarna upplever dock ofta hjälplöshet och osäkerhet i relation till hantering av situationer med utmanande beteende och efterfrågar utbildning. Web-baserad utbildning om interaktion med personer med utvecklingsstörning och utmanande beteende har i vår studie visat sig ge lovande effekter och bör vara möjlig att utveckla för både introduktion av nyanställda vårdare och för kompetensutveckling bland mer erfaren personal.
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| 2. |
- Augustsson, Anna, et al.
(författare)
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Failure of generic risk assessment model framework to predict groundwater pollution risk at hundreds of metal contaminated sites : Implications for research needs
- 2020
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Ingår i: Environmental Research. - : Elsevier. - 0013-9351 .- 1096-0953. ; 185, s. 1-9
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Soil pollution constitutes one of the major threats to public health, where spreading to groundwater is one of several critical aspects. In most internationally adopted frameworks for routine risk assessments of contaminated land, generic models and soil guideline values are cornerstones. In order to protect the groundwater at contaminated sites, a common practice worldwide today is to depart from health risk-based limit concentrations for groundwater, and use generic soil-to-groundwater spreading models to back-calculate corresponding equilibrium levels (concentration limits) in soil, which must not be exceeded at the site. This study presents an extensive survey of how actual soil and groundwater concentrations, compiled for all high-priority contaminated sites in Sweden, relate to the national model for risk management of contaminated sites, with focus on As, Cu, Pb and Zn. Results show that soil metal concentrations, as well as total amounts, constitute a poor basis for assessing groundwater contamination status. The evaluated model was essentially incapable of predicting groundwater contamination (i.e. concentrations above limit values) based on soil data, and erred on the "unsafe side" in a significant number of cases, with modelled correlations not being conservative enough. Further, the risk of groundwater contamination was almost entirely independent of industry type. In essence, since neither soil contaminant loads nor industry type is conclusive, there is a need for a supportive framework for assessing metal spreading to groundwater accounting for site-specific, geochemical conditions.
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| 3. |
- Lundström, Mats, 1956-
(författare)
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Våld - utmaning och utmattning : vårdares utsatthet och upplevelser i samband med våld i gruppbostäder för personer med utvecklingsstörning
- 2006
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- ABSTRACT This thesis aims to explore the prevalence of violence towards caregivers working in group home for people with learning disabilities, as well as the influence of work climate and personality on the caregivers’ experiences of strain and exposure to violence. The thesis comprises four studies conducted among caregivers working in group homes for people with learning disabilities in one urban district in Sweden. Study I includes data regarding caregivers’ exposure to violence and their demographics. In study II and III data were collected by instruments for measuring caregivers’ personalities and experiences of the work climate as well as emotional reactions, strain, and experiences of burnout. Data were also collected by 50 narrative interviews with 44 caregivers reporting exposure to violence. In order to illuminate caregivers’ experiences of being exposed to violence, the interviews were transcribed and interpreted using qualitative content analysis. The results showed that 31% of the caregivers (n=120) had been exposed to violence during the preceding year, with physical violence being the most common type. Weak relationships were found between reported exposure to violence and caregivers’ age and education (I). Among those in studies II and III who completed all instruments (n=112), 45 caregivers (40%) reported exposure to violence. A significant difference in age was found between exposed and not exposed caregivers. In the total sample of studies II and III, 30% (n=41) of the caregivers were at risk of developing burnout. The relationship between exposure to violence and the caregivers’ experiences of the work climate (CCQ) showed that “debates” was the only factor that on average was significantly higher among caregivers reporting violence from the residents. The caregivers’ emotional reactions, strain, and work climate factors explained 35% of the variance in burnout scores (II). No significant relationships were found between the caregivers’ personalities (TCI and RSES) and their exposure to violence. Personality dimensions explained 32% of the variance of the caregivers’ experiences of burnout. The results did not show a significant relationship between a caregiver’s personality and exposure to violence. However, those exposed to violence reported more emotional exhaustion than those not exposed (III). Caregivers exposed to violence reported feelings of powerlessness, insufficiency, anger and violence was very seldom followed by support from the managers at the group homes (I). Interviews show that caregivers’ experiences are about “falling apart” and “keeping it together”. Falling apart involves fear, powerlessness, sadness, anger, and timelessness, while keeping it together involves joy, respect, self-reflection, and habituation. Destructive experiences are balanced by a more constructive view of the situation by keeping the situation, and the caregivers themselves, together. The findings show that exposure to violence occurs frequently and a large proportion of the exposed caregivers are at risk for burnout. It was not possible to confirm the relationships between the caregivers’ personality, experiences of the work climate, and exposure to violence but partly to emotional reactions, strain and burnout. The findings of the four studies are discussed in relation to how it is to live and work in an environment where violence is of frequent occurrence.
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| 4. |
- Uddh Söderberg, Terese, 1976-, et al.
(författare)
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Challenges in geochemical modelling of metal(loid) solubility and binding mechanisms along a soil profile at a multi-contaminated site
- 2024
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Ingår i: Applied Geochemistry. - : Elsevier. - 0883-2927 .- 1872-9134. ; 170
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Recognising the need for robust models in predicting groundwater contamination risks from metal(loid)s in contaminated topsoil, this study focuses on the geochemical behaviour of As, Cd, Cu, Pb, Sb and Zn in one of Sweden’s most heavily contaminated areas. Samples were collected from the waste zone and underlying subsoil down to 5 meters and batch experiments were carried out to assess pH-dependent solubility. The results indicate that Cd, Cu, Pb and Zn are efficiently immobilized in the waste zone, while As(V) and Sb(V) are more easily leached. With the exception of Pb and Cu at high pH, the mobilized metals appear to be predominantly in a truly dissolved state, as confirmed by ultrafiltration at 10 kDa.Speciation modelling using Visual MINTEQ did not suggest a significant role of precipitates such as Zn or Pb arsenates and phosphates, although their involvement could not be ruled out. To better understand sorption/desorption patterns, a multi-surface geochemical model was established, drawing on the Stockholm Humic and CD-MUSIC models for organic matter and Fe/Al (hydr)oxide sorption. However, when default parameters were used, the model consistently overestimated the solubility of Cd, Cu, Pb and Zn in both the waste zone and the uncontaminated subsoil. In contrast, As(V) solubility was generally underestimated, also when the reactive surface area of the Fe- and Al (hydr)oxides was decreased in the model. The model's performance was better for Sb(V), though not without imperfections. When the parameters for organic matter were adjusted such that 100% of the solid-phase organic matter was active with respect to ion binding, but only 25% of the dissolved organic matter, the model description improved considerably for Pb and Cu in the upper soil layers. The model revealed distinct differences in the adsorption behaviour of the metal cations, with Pb being sorbed mostly to Fe/Al (hydroxides), whereas a considerable part of Cu was sorbed to organic matter, particularly in the waste zone.Possibly, the dissolution of easily weatherable metal-containing mineral phases may have contributed to the poor model performance for Cd, Zn and for Cu in the deeper soil layers, although other factors, such as a contribution of hydrous SiO2 or Mn oxides to metal binding, could not be ruled out. Metal sorption to carbonate phases may also have been a contributing factor in the waste zone. Lastly, the reactivity of Fe- and Al (hydr)oxides may have been overestimated by oxalate extraction when default parameters for high-surface-area ferrihydrite were applied. These findings provide valuable insights for environmental management and underscore the need for a more detailed characterization of metal(loid) sorption in contaminated soils, as well as the development of improved modelling strategies to enhance solubility predictions.
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| 5. |
- Uddh Söderberg, Terese, 1976-, et al.
(författare)
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Heavy metal transport at a contaminated glassworks site in southeast Sweden.
- 2016
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Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Heavy metal transport at a contaminated glassworks site in southeast Sweden.In the “Kingdom of crystal” in southeastern Sweden there are a large number of glassworks sites, which are characterized by high pollution levels of a number of metal contaminants. At Pukeberg glassworks site, which is the focus of this study, As, Ba, Cd, Pb, Sb and Zn are present in significantly elevated levels. For this study, which aim is to characterize the release of metals from the glass waste into soil water and groundwater, 54 soil samples from both saturated and unsaturated zone were gathered. Soil water were sampled from lysimeters installed on the landfill area and groundwater were collected from sampling tubes located upstream, at and downstream of the landfill area. The collected samples were analyzed and distribution coefficients (Kd) were calculated as the ratio of the average pseudo-total metal concentrations in soil (from the landfill site with visible glass) to the average dissolved metal concentrations in soil water to describe the leachability of the metal(loid) in the wastes.High concentrations of metal(loid)s were found in soil water samples at the landfill (collected at 30 and 60 cm depth), indicating that metals are leached from the solid waste materials. The distribution coefficients indicate the highest leachability for Ba (Kd= 150 l/kg) and Sb (Kd= 190 l/kg), a moderately leachability for Cd (Kd= 860 l/kg) and Zn (Kd= 500) and the lowest leachability for As and Pb (Kd= 6000 and 16000 respectively). Examining the soil profiles shows that the metal concentrations are considerable lower when there are no visible glass wastes in the soil, which implies that the majority of leached metals are retained in the waste pile. Significant sorption is also suggested by the low concentrations measured in the groundwater samples. The theoretical dilution of the catchment area alone, cannot explain the decrease in metal concentration between the soil water and the groundwater. With exception for Sb, that seems to move relatively unrestrained from the unsaturated zone to the saturated zone.The results indicate that there are sorption processes involved, preventing or slowing down the transport of the investigated metals through the unsaturated zone. The responsible geochemical processes need to be established before assessing remediation strategies for the contaminated area, as it gives information on the factors controlling the metal leaching.
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| 6. |
- Uddh Söderberg, Terese, 1976-, et al.
(författare)
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Metal solubility and transport at a contaminated landfill site – From the source zone into the groundwater
- 2019
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Ingår i: Science of the Total Environment. - : Elsevier. - 0048-9697 .- 1879-1026. ; 668, s. 1064-1076
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Risks associated with metal contaminated sites are tightly linked to material leachability and contaminant mobility. In this study, metal solubility and transport were characterized within a glass waste landfill through i) lysimeter-collection of pore water and standardized batch leaching tests, ii) soil profiles extending from the landfill surface, through unsaturated soil underneath, and into the groundwater zone, and iii) groundwater samples upstream, at, and downstream of the landfill. The soil analyzes targeted both pseudo-total and geochemically active concentrations of contaminant metals (As, Cd, Pb, Sb) and basic soil geochemistry (pH, org. C, Fe,Mn). Water samples were analyzed for dissolved, colloid-bound and particulate metals, and speciation modelling of the aqueous phase was conducted. The results revealed a highly contaminated system, with mean metal concentrationsin the waste zone between 90 and 250 times the regional background levels. Despite severe contamination of the waste zone and high geochemically active fractions (80–100%) of all contaminant metals as well as elevated concentrations in landfill pore water, the concentrations of Cd and Pb decrease abruptly at the transition between landfill and underlying natural soil and no indication of groundwater contamination was found. The efficient cation retention is likely due to the high pH. However, the sorption of As and Sb is weaker at such high pH,which explains their higher mobility from the pore water zone into groundwater. The field soil:solution for Pb, ranging from 140 to 2,900,000 l kg−1), despite little variability in basic geochemical variables, which we suggest is due to waste material heterogeneity.
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| 7. |
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| 8. |
- Alakangas, Linda J., et al.
(författare)
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Diverse fractionation patterns of Rare Earth Elements in deep fracture groundwater in the Baltic Shield - Progress from utilisation of Diffusive Gradients in Thin-films (DGT) at the Aspo Hard Rock Laboratory
- 2020
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Ingår i: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta. - : Elsevier. - 0016-7037 .- 1872-9533. ; 269, s. 15-38
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Rare earth elements (REEs) were studied in groundwater in fractures at depths between 144 m and 450 m in Proterozoic granitoids on the Baltic Shield at a coastal site in south eastern Sweden (Aspo Hard Rock Laboratory). A specially designed device was used to sample the groundwater under in situ high pressure and low redox conditions. The REEs were measured via both diffusive gradients in thin-films (DGT) samplers after approximately three-week deployment times, and after conventional filtration (0.45 mu m membrane filters). The concentrations of REEDGT were lower than the REE0.45 mu m concentrations in all 14 studied groundwaters. This is explained by development of a diffuse boundary layer (DBL) in the solution at the DGTs caused by the low flow, and in some of the groundwaters additionally by the presence of organically complexed REE that diffuse slowly in the diffusive gel of the DGT. Among the 14 studied groundwaters there was a huge range in REEDGT-fractionation patterns, ranging from enrichment to a nearly three-order-of-magnitude depletion of the heavy REEs (HREEs), despite a relatively homogenous bedrock (granitoids). The HREE enrichment is explained by preservation of the fractionation signature as HREE enriched sea water intruded and flowed through the fractures, supported by the high proportion of modelled REE fulvic-acid complexes in these waters. The strong HREE depletion, which occurred in saline groundwater, was ascribed to an advanced REE equilibrium between the groundwater and primary and/or secondary minerals and the pore water in the bedrock. Yet other groundwaters had flat or moderately HREE depleted patterns, which in some cases may have been caused by mixing of small portions of surficial waters with saline groundwater. (C) 2019 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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| 9. |
- Alakangas, Linda J., et al.
(författare)
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Sampling and Characterizing Rare Earth Elements in Groundwater in Deep-Lying Fractures in Granitoids Under In Situ High-Pressure and Low-Redox Conditions
- 2014
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Ingår i: Aquatic geochemistry. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1380-6165 .- 1573-1421. ; 20:4, s. 405-418
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Several countries are preparing to dispose of radioactive nuclear waste deep underground in crystalline rock. This type of bedrock is commonly extensively fractured and consequently carries groundwater that serves as a medium for transporting metals and radionuclides. A group of metals of particular interest in this context is the rare earth elements (REEs), because they are analogues of actinides contained within radioactive waste and are tracers of hydrological pathways and geochemical processes. Concentrations of REEs are commonly low in these groundwaters, leading to values below detection limits of standard monitoring methods, particularly for the heavy REEs. We present a new technical set-up for monitoring REEs (and other trace metals) in groundwater in fractured crystalline rock. The technique consists of passing the fracture groundwater, commonly under high pressure and containing reduced chemical species, through a device that maintains the physicochemical character of the groundwater. Within the device, diffusive gradient in thin-film (DGT) discs are installed in triplicate. With this set-up, we studied REEs in groundwater in fractures at depths of approximately -144, -280, and -450 m in granitoids in the A"spo Hard Rock Laboratory in southern Sweden. The entire REE suite was detected (concentrations down to 0.1 ng L-1) and was differently fractionated among the groundwaters. The shallowest groundwater, composed of dilute modern Baltic Sea water, was enriched in the heavy REEs, whereas the deeper groundwaters, dominated by old saline water, were depleted in the heavy REEs. Deployment periods varying from 1 to 4 weeks delivered similar REE concentrations, indicating stability and reproducibility of the experimental set-up. The study finds that 1 week of deployment may be enough. However, if the overall setting and construction allow for longer deployment times, 2-3 weeks will be optimal in terms of reaching reliable REE concentrations well above the detection limit while maintaining the performance of the DGT samplers.
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| 10. |
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