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- Walter, Viktor, 1991, et al.
(författare)
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Low-cost hydrogen in the future European electricity system – Enabled by flexibility in time and space
- 2023
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Ingår i: Applied Energy. - : Elsevier BV. - 1872-9118 .- 0306-2619. ; 330
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The present study investigates four factors that govern the ability to supply hydrogen at a low cost in Europe: the scale of the hydrogen demand; the possibility to invest in large-scale hydrogen storage; process flexibility in hydrogen-consuming industries; and the geographical areas in which hydrogen demand arises. The influence of the hydrogen demand on the future European zero-emission electricity system is investigated by applying the cost-minimising electricity system investment model eNODE to hydrogen demand levels in the range of 0–2,500 TWhH2. It is found that the majority of the future European hydrogen demand can be cost-effectively satisfied with VRE, assuming that the expansion of wind and solar power is not hindered by a lack of social acceptance, at a cost of around 60–70 EUR/MWhH2 (2.0–2.3 EUR/kgH2). The cost of hydrogen in Europe can be reduced by around 10 EUR/MWhH2 if the hydrogen consumption is positioned strategically in regions with good conditions for wind and solar power and a low electricity demand. The cost savings potential that can be obtained from full temporal flexibility of hydrogen consumption is 3-fold higher than that linked to strategic localisation of the hydrogen consumption. The cost of hydrogen per kg increases, and the value of flexibility diminishes, as the size of the hydrogen demand increases relative to the traditional demand for electricity and the available VRE resources. Low-cost hydrogen is, thus, achieved by implementing efficiency and flexibility measures for hydrogen consumers, as well as increasing acceptance of VRE.
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| 2. |
- Öberg, Simon, 1988, et al.
(författare)
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Exploring the competitiveness of hydrogen-fueled gas turbines in future energy systems
- 2022
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Ingår i: International Journal of Hydrogen Energy. - : Elsevier BV. - 0360-3199. ; 47:1, s. 624-644
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Hydrogen is currently receiving attention as a possible cross-sectoral energy carrier with the potential to enable emission reductions in several sectors, including hard-to-abate sectors. In this work, a techno-economic optimization model is used to evaluate the competitiveness of time-shifting of electricity generation using electrolyzers, hydrogen storage and gas turbines fueled with hydrogen as part of the transition from the current electricity system to future electricity systems in Years 2030, 2040 and 2050. The model incorporates an emissions cap to ensure a gradual decline in carbon dioxide (CO2) levels, targeting near-zero CO2 emissions by Year 2050, and this includes 15 European countries. The results show that hydrogen gas turbines have an important role to play in shifting electricity generation and providing capacity when carbon emissions are constrained to very low levels in Year 2050. The level of competitiveness is, however, considerably lower in energy systems that still allow significant levels of CO2 emissions, e.g., in Year 2030. For Years 2040 and 2050, the results indicate investments mainly in gas turbines that are partly fueled with hydrogen, with 30–77 vol.-% hydrogen in biogas, although some investments in exclusively hydrogen-fueled gas turbines are also envisioned. Both open cycle and combined cycle gas turbines (CCGT) receive investments, and the operational patterns show that also CCGTs have a frequent cyclical operation, whereby most of the start-stop cycles are less than 20 h in duration.
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| 3. |
- Öberg, Simon, 1988
(författare)
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Hydrogen in the European energy system - The cost dynamics and the value of time-shifting electricity generation
- 2022
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Licentiatavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- If the European Union is to become climate-neutral by Year 2050, as envisioned in the European Green Deal, the European energy system must undergo an unprecedented transformation towards eliminating its carbon emissions. For this transition, renewable electricity plays a central role, not only in replacing the current fossil-based electricity generation, but also in promoting the electrification of other sectors, such as transport and industry, sectors which are currently based on fossil fuels. In the European Hydrogen Strategy, hydrogen is considered a key priority for enabling the transition outlined in the European Green Deal. This is because hydrogen can reduce emissions levels across several sectors, including the hard-to-abate sectors, and can act as an energy carrier, reactant, or feedstock. Thus, this work aims to elucidate the dynamics of future energy systems, focusing on how different applications of hydrogen will affect the costs of electricity and hydrogen, and how these demands for hydrogen interact with variations arising from renewable electricity generation. This work applies a techno-economic optimization model, which includes both the historical electricity demand and new demands from an electrified transport sector and several electrified industrial processes, to evaluate the dynamics of a future European energy system with zero-carbon emissions. The model includes both exogenous (industry and transport) and endogenous (time-shifting of electricity generation) hydrogen demands, to allow evaluation of the impacts of hydrogen demands with different characteristics and the value of shifting electricity generation in time through the use of hydrogen. The results show that electricity is the main parameter that influences the cost of hydrogen, although cost-optimal dimensioning of the electrolyzer and hydrogen storage capacities also affects the hydrogen cost, as these capacities recurrently limit hydrogen production over the year, and thus set the marginal cost of the hydrogen supply. Another decisive factor is the nature of the hydrogen demand, where a flexible demand can have a considerable impact on the hydrogen cost, reducing it by up to 35%, as compared to a constant demand for hydrogen. Moreover, it is shown that a lower level of flexibility with respect to the hydrogen demand is often sufficient to attain this cost reduction. We conclude that time-shifting of electricity generation through the use of hydrogen provides a value to the system by reducing the average electricity cost by 2%–7%, and this strategy is primarily competitive in regions with large shares of wind power. The reason for the stronger competitiveness in regions that are dominated by wind power is linked to the characteristics of the variations of the electricity generation patterns. Thus, fluctuations in generation from wind power can be described as fewer, more-irregular, and longer in duration, as compared to variations from solar PV, which are shorter in time and occur at a higher frequency (diurnal), and for which batteries are a more-suitable time-shifting technology. For reconversion of hydrogen back to electricity, gas turbines are shown to be the most-competitive technology, where flexible mixing of hydrogen in biogas increases the competitive edge, as the gas turbine can be used also when the cost of hydrogen is too high to generate a gross margin profit, which is required to recover the investment.
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| 4. |
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| 5. |
- Öberg, Simon, 1988, et al.
(författare)
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The cost dynamics of hydrogen supply in future energy systems – A techno-economic study
- 2022
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Ingår i: Applied Energy. - : Elsevier BV. - 1872-9118 .- 0306-2619. ; 328
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This work aims to investigate the time-resolved cost of electrolytic hydrogen in a future climate-neutral electricity system with high shares of variable renewable electricity generation in which hydrogen is used in the industry and transport sectors, as well as for time-shifting electricity generation. The work applies a techno-economic optimization model, which incorporates both exogenous (industry and transport) and endogenous (time-shifting of electricity generation) hydrogen demands, to elucidate the parameters that affect the cost of hydrogen. The results highlight that several parameters influence the cost of hydrogen. The strongest influential parameter is the cost of electricity. Also important are cost-optimal dimensioning of the electrolyzer and hydrogen storage capacities, as these capacities during certain periods limit hydrogen production, thereby setting the marginal cost of hydrogen. Another decisive factor is the nature of the hydrogen demand, whereby flexibility in the hydrogen demand can reduce the cost of supplying hydrogen, given that the demand can be shifted in time. In addition, the modeling shows that time-shifting electricity generation via hydrogen production, with subsequent reconversion back to electricity, plays an important in the climate-neutral electricity system investigated, decreasing the average electricity cost by 2%–16%. Furthermore, as expected, the results show that the cost of hydrogen from an off-grid, island-mode-operated industry is more expensive than the cost of hydrogen from all scenarios with a fully interconnected electricity system.
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| 6. |
- Öberg, Simon, 1988, et al.
(författare)
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The value of flexible fuel mixing in hydrogen-fueled gas turbines – A techno-economic study
- 2022
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Ingår i: International Journal of Hydrogen Energy. - : Elsevier BV. - 0360-3199. ; 47:74, s. 31684-31702
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In electricity systems mainly supplied with variable renewable electricity (VRE), the variable generation must be balanced. Hydrogen as an energy carrier, combined with storage, has the ability to shift electricity generation in time and thereby support the electricity system. The aim of this work is to analyze the competitiveness of hydrogen-fueled gas turbines, including both open and combined cycles, with flexible fuel mixing of hydrogen and biomethane in zero-carbon emissions electricity systems. The work applies a techno-economic optimization model to future European electricity systems with high shares of VRE. The results show that the most competitive gas turbine option is a combined cycle configuration that is capable of handling up to 100% hydrogen, fed with various mixtures of hydrogen and biomethane. The results also indicate that the endogenously calculated hydrogen cost rarely exceeds 5 €/kgH2 when used in gas turbines, and that a hydrogen cost of 3–4 €/kgH2 is, for most of the scenarios investigated, competitive. Furthermore, the results show that hydrogen gas turbines are more competitive in wind-based energy systems, as compared to solar-based systems, in that the fluctuations of the electricity generation in the former are fewer, more irregular and of longer duration. Thus, it is the characteristics of an energy system, and not necessarily the cost of hydrogen, that determine the competitiveness of hydrogen gas turbines.
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