| 1. |
- Bäckström, Torbjörn, 1948-, et al.
(författare)
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Pathogenesis in menstrual cycle-linked CNS disorders.
- 2003
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Ingår i: Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. - : Wiley. - 0077-8923 .- 1749-6632. ; 1007, s. 42-53
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Forskningsöversikt (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)
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| 2. |
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| 3. |
- Ödmark, Inga-Stina, 1948-, et al.
(författare)
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Bleeding patterns in postmenopausal women using continuous combination hormone replacement therapy with conjugated estrogen and medroxyprogesterone acetate or with 17β-estradiol and norethindrone acetate
- 2001
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Ingår i: American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. - : Elsevier BV. - 0002-9378 .- 1097-6868. ; 184:6, s. 1131-1138
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- OBJECTIVE: We studied bleeding patterns in postmenopausal women who were using 2 types of continuous combination regimens. STUDY DESIGN: A prospective, double-blind, randomized study of 208 postmenopausal women treated with conjugated estrogen, 0.625 mg, and medroxyprogesterone acetate, 5 mg, or with 17beta-estradiol, 2 mg, and norethindrone acetate, 1 mg. RESULTS: The mean number of bleeding days decreased during the first 4 months of treatment (P <.002) but not thereafter. The number of bleeding days was fewer (P <.002) and the time until amenorrhea was shorter (P <.02) in patients receiving conjugated estrogen and medroxyprogesterone acetate than in patients receiving 17beta-estradiol and norethindrone acetate. The odds ratio for progression to amenorrhea with the use of conjugated estrogen and medroxyprogesterone acetate was 1.58, in comparison with the use of 17beta-estradiol and norethindrone acetate. A thick endometrium at the start of treatment resulted in more bleeding days than were found for a thin endometrium (P <.03). Body mass index, age, and blood pressure had no predictive value for bleeding problems. CONCLUSIONS: Treatment with continuous combined conjugated estrogen and medroxyprogesterone acetate resulted in fewer bleeding problems than did treatment with 17beta-estradiol and norethindrone acetate. Endometrial thickness may help to predict the chance of achieving amenorrhea during early hormone replacement therapy.
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| 4. |
- Ödmark, Inga-Stina, 1948-, et al.
(författare)
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Conjugated estrogen/progestagen versus tibolone hormone replacement therapy in postmenopausal women : effects on carbohydrate metabolism and serum sex hormone-binding globulin
- 2006
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Ingår i: Maturitas. - : Elsevier BV. - 0378-5122 .- 1873-4111. ; 53:1, s. 89-96
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Objective: To study the effects of different types of continuous hormone replacement therapy on carbohydrate metabolism. Method: Postmenopausal women were treated with conjugated estrogens, 0.625 mg/medroxyprogesterone acetate, 2.5 or 5mg (CEE/MPA) or tibolone 2.5 mg daily for 13 28-day cycles. Serum glucose and insulin were measured before and during a 75 g oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) at baseline and after 3, 6 and 13 cycles and areas under the curve (AUC) were calculated. Sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG) was measured as an additional marker of nutritional and insulin status. Results: Neither CEE/MPA2.5 mg nor tibolone had any effects on carbohydrate metabolism whileAUCinsulin, AUCglucose and also body mass index (BMI) increased after 13 cycles of treatment in the CEE/MPA 5 mg group. SHBG increased significantly during CEE/MPA treatment and decreased significantly during treatment with tibolone. The effects on SHBG were less pronounced in the CEE/MPA 5 mg group. Pretreatment SHBG showed significant negative correlations to BMI and to variables that may reflect a certain degree of insulin resistance, the most pronounced being fasting glucose. Changes in SHBG during treatment with tibolone were negatively correlated to pretreatment SHBG and positively to BMI, AUCinsulin and fasting insulin resistance index, while no such correlations were found in the CEE/MPA groups. There were no correlations between changes in AUCinsulin and AUCglucose on one hand and basal variables or treatment SHBG on the other in the CEE/MPA groups. Conclusion: The effects of tibolone and CEE/MPA on carbohydrate metabolism were considered to have clinical significance only for CEE/MPA 5 mg, indicating a less favourable role of the higher progestagen dose. The results further support the important role of metabolic and insulin status in the physiological regulation of SHBG and also indicate that the suppressive effect of tibolone on circulating SHBG is mainly depends on pretreatment SHBG levels. SHBG does not reflect changes in carbohydrate metabolism during CEE/MPA treatment.
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| 6. |
- Ödmark, Inga-Stina, 1948-, et al.
(författare)
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Endometrial safety and bleeding pattern during a five-year treatment with long-cycle hormone therapy
- 2005
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Ingår i: Menopause. - : Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health). - 1072-3714 .- 1530-0374. ; 12:6, s. 699-707
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Objective: To determine compliance, the incidence of untoward effects, and endometrial safety in postmenopausal women treated with 3-month sequential hormone therapy for up to 5 years. Design: A prospective, uncontrolled multicenter study of 129 women treated with 0.625 mg conjugated estrogens daily plus 10 mg medroxyprogesterone acetate for 14 days every third month. Endometrial biopsy samples were taken before the initiation of the study and then yearly during the next 5 years. Bleeding patterns were recorded. Results: Upon completion of the first 12 months of treatment, 76 of 126 biopsied women (60%) had secretory endometrium. After 5 years, this finding was reversed in biopsy specimens completed by 59 women, among whom 32 (56%) had insufficient or atrophic endometrium.We did not find any hyperplasia when the biopsy specimen was taken according to the protocol. One endometrial cancer was found by biopsy after 12 months, but the subsequent hysterectomy showed no sign of cancer. Ultrasound determinations of mean endometrial thickness during therapy showed a thin endometrium (mean = 4 mm, range = 1-13 mm). Amenorrhea was reported by 6.2% of 129 women after 12 months of treatment. Among the 59 women who completed the study, 71.2% had regular bleeding patterns every third month, 25.4% reported amenorrhea, and 3.4% had irregular bleeding patterns. Conclusions: The addition of 10 mg of medroxyprogesterone acetate for 14 days every third month to treatment with 0.625 mg of conjugated estrogens daily was well tolerated, and was associated with high endometrial safety.
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| 7. |
- Ödmark, Inga-Stina, 1948-
(författare)
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Hormone replacement therapy : benefits and adverse effects
- 2004
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Background: Numerous studies have shown that estrogen replacement therapy (ERT) is an effective treatment for vasomotor symptoms, insomnia and vaginal dryness. Beneficial effects have also been shown on lipid patterns and on the incidence of osteoporotic fractures. As ERT increases the risk of endometrial adenocarcinoma, combinations with various progestogens have been developed in order to protect the endometrium. However, the addition of progestogens tends to reduce the beneficial effects of estrogens on mood, cognition and lipid metabolism. The added progestogen often causes side effects such as irritability and depression. There is evidence that the effect on wellbeing varies between women and with the type of progestogen used. Women who prefer to avoid withdrawal bleedings can be given continuous combined hormone replacement therapy (HRT). Unfortunately, irregular bleedings are common at the beginning of treatment and reduces compliance. Recently, several studies have reported an increased risk of breast cancer and venous thrombosis, and therefore long-term treatment with HRT for women without climacteric symptoms is no longer recommended. The ongoing debate has, for the time being, resulted in a recommendation that improving quality of life (QoL) by treatment of climacteric symptoms should be the only indication for prescribing HRT. Aims and methods: The aims of the study were to investigate bleeding patterns, changes in wellbeing at onset and during long-term treatment, and lipid and lipoprotein profiles with two different types of continuous combined HRT. In addition, women starting, and women switching from mainly sequential HRT were compared. The design was a randomised, double-blind, one year, prospective, multicentre study including 249 healthy postmenopausal women who were given continuous daily oral treatment with either combined 0.625mg conjugated estrogen (CE) and 5mg medroxyprogesterone acetate (MPA) or combined 2mg 17β - estradiol (E2) and 1mg norethisterone acetate (NETA). Bleedings, if any, were recorded daily throughout the study. The main outcome measures (changes in wellbeing and climacteric symptoms) consisted of daily ratings of 12 items on a validated symptom scale. Serum concentrations of lipids and lipoproteins were measured at baseline and after one year of treatment. Results and conclusions: The majority of drop-outs were confined to the first three months, and the main reasons were bleedings and/or decreased wellbeing. Drop-outs were three times more common in the E2/NETA group. During the first month, 67% of the women reported irregular bleedings. The number of bleeding days decreased on both treatments during the first four months. Treatment with CE/MPA resulted in less irregular bleedings and a shorter time to amenorrhoea compared to E2/NETA. As expected, "starters" experienced more sweats than "switchers" at the onset of treatment, but both groups improved significantly. Side effects such as breast tenderness, swelling, depression and irritability appeared during the first treatment week in both groups. The side effects of HRT appeared much more quickly than the benefits and were more frequent in women with a history of premenstrual syndrome (PMS). Breast tenderness was more common in the E2/NETA group throughout the whole study period. Apart from that, there were no differences between the two treatment regimens as regards effects on well-being at the end of the study. Lipoprotein(a) levels, an important risk factor for cardiovascular disease, decreased in both treatment groups. Triglyceride levels increased in women treated with CE/MPA, and levels of total cholesterol, high density lipoprotein and low density lipoprotein fell in the E2/NETA group. In conclusion, treatment with E2/NETA caused more bleeding problems than treatment with CE/MPA. CE/MPA was better tolerated than E2/NETA at the beginning of the study, but among the women remaining in the study there was no difference in QoL between the two treatment groups. HRT counselling should take into account that a history of PMS increases the likelihood of side effects and that these may precede any beneficial effects. Both treatments produced beneficial effects on lipid and lipoprotein levels, and neither of the regimens was superior in this respect.
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| 8. |
- Ödmark, Inga-Stina, 1948-, et al.
(författare)
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Long-term effects of two different continuous combined regimens of hormone replacement therapy on well-being
- 2004
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Ingår i: Gynecological Endocrinology. - : Informa UK Limited. - 0951-3590 .- 1473-0766. ; 18, s. 305-317
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Our aim was to compare the effect on well-being of two different continuous combined hormone replacement therapies (HRT) in women starting treatment (‘starters’) and women switching from mainly sequential HRT (‘switchers’). The design was a randomized, double-blind, 1-year, prospective study, including 249 postmenopausal women treated with 0.625 mg conjugated estrogen (CE)/ 5 mg medroxyprogesterone acetate (MPA) or 2 mg estradiol/1 mg norethisterone acetate (NETA) continuously. The main outcome measure was well-being, reported daily on a validated symptom scale during treatment cycles 1, 2, 6 and 13. Both treatment groups, starters and switchers, improved significantly in episodes of sweating during the first 6 months (p50.05). Women treated with estradiol/NETA experienced more breast tenderness compared to women using CE/MPA during the whole study period (p50.001), whereas there were no differences in negative mood symptoms between treatment groups. Starters experienced improved wellbeing during the whole study, whereas switchers experienced a transient improvement during the first 2 months. Overall, negative mood symptoms were more frequently reported by women with a history of premenstrual syndrome (PMS) (p50.05). Progestogen side-effects were more pronounced with estradiol/NETA than with CE/MPA combinations. Individual factors, such as previous PMS and previous HRT use, should be taken into consideration when prescribing HRT.
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| 9. |
- Ödmark, Inga-Stina, 1948-, et al.
(författare)
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Well-being at onset of hormone replacement therapy : comparison between two continuous combined regimens
- 2004
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Ingår i: Climacteric. - : Informa UK Limited. - 1369-7137 .- 1473-0804. ; 7:1, s. 92-102
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Objectives To compare the effect on well-being of two continuous combined hormone replacement therapies (HRTs) in women starting treatment (‘starters’) and women switching from mainly sequential HRT (‘switchers’). Methods This was a randomized, double-blind, 1-month trial, in which 249 postmenopausal women were treated with either conjugated estrogen plus medroxyprogesterone acetate (CE/MPA 0.625 mg/5 mg) or 17β-estradiol plus norethisterone acetate (E2/NETA 2 mg/1 mg) continuously. Twelve items for measuring climacteric symptoms and well-being were reported daily on a validated symptom scale. Results Women taking CE/MPA reported lower scores for breast tenderness (p = 0.005), depression (p = 0.019), irritability (p = 0.004) and tension (p = 0.048), compared with women taking E2/NETA. Compared with pretreatment, both groups developed side-effects during the first week: breast tenderness, swelling and depression (p < 0.05). Starters, but also switchers, improved in sweats (p < 0.001 and p = 0.030). Compared with pretreatment ratings, switchers reported higher scores for breast tenderness (p < 0.001), depression (p = 0.050) and negative effects on daily life (p < 0.001), whereas starters reported only physical side-effects (p < 0.05). A history of premenstrual syndrome (PMS) predicted high scores for swelling (p = 0.023), depression (p = 0.024), tension (p = 0.009), irritability (p = 0.027), headache (p < 0.001) and negative effects on daily life (p < 0.001). Conclusions CE/MPA 0.625 mg/5 mg is better tolerated than E2/NETA 2 mg/1 mg, and starters react differently from switchers. Side-effects occur more quickly than benefits with HRT, and are more frequent in women with previous PMS.
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