| 1. |
- Bligård, Lars-Ola, 1976-, et al.
(författare)
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Comparing 2D and 3D models as tools for evaluation of workplaces
- 2015
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Ingår i: Creating Sustainable Work Environments. - : NEHF (Norwegian society for Ergonomics and Human Factors). - 9788299574754 ; , s. A3-11-A3-15
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- The aim of this paper is to present a comparison between 2D and 3D models as tools for evaluating workplaces. The comparison focus on differences in the comments when evaluation with 2D and 3D models. The results make strong indication that overall layout, line of sight and space are perceived differently in 2D and 3D models.
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| 2. |
- Bligård, Lars-Ola, 1976, et al.
(författare)
-
Comparing 2D and 3D models as tools for evaluation of workplaces
- 2015
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Ingår i: NORDIC ERGONOMICS SOCIETY ANNUAL CONFERENCE.
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Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The aim of this paper is to present a comparison between 2D and 3D models as tools for evaluating workplaces. The comparison focus on different given in the comments when evaluation with 2D and 3D models. The results make strong indication that overall layout, line of sight and space are perceived differently in 2D and 3D models.
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| 3. |
- Bligård, Lars-Ola, 1976, et al.
(författare)
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The power of the dollhouse : Comparing the use of full-scale, 1:16-scale and virtual 3D-models for user evaluation of workstation design
- 2018
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Ingår i: International Journal of Industrial Ergonomics. - : Elsevier. - 0169-8141 .- 1872-8219. ; 68, s. 344-354
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The benefits of having users evaluate product or workplace design during the development process are well known. This is often achieved by letting users interact with one or more models of the design proposal, in order to elicit feedback. The issue for product developers is to choose what type(s) of models to use (from paper drawings to physical or virtual mock-ups or fully working prototypes) and when to use them in the development process, while making optimal use of resources like time, money and personnel.This paper compares three types of simple three-dimensional (3D) models (1:1 scale, 1:16 scale and CAD) representing a ship bridge workstation, examining what kind of feedback they elicit in a design evaluation with representative users. Participants were asked to assess the proposed design and to compare the models' relative merits. The study found that while all three types of 3D models elicited several types of useful design feedback, there were differences in both quantity and content of the feedback elicited by each model type. The physical models elicited more feedback than the CAD model, both regarding content richness (direct and indirect design feedback) and quantity. The tangibility of the models seems to greatly influence acceptance and credibility.
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| 4. |
- Bligård, Lars-Ola, 1976, et al.
(författare)
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Using 2D and 3D models as tools during a workplace design process : a question of how and when
- 2014
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Ingår i: Proceedings of the 46th Annual Nordic Ergonomics Society Conference. - Copenhagen, Denmark : Danmarks Tekniske Universitet, DTU. ; , s. 799-804
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- The benefits of involving users in a development process are well described. This paper describes a procedure for using 2D and 3D models in a workplace design process, which is based on three rounds of user studies within the maritime domain. The process includes various kinds of models that can be used in order to elicit design feedback in a cost-effective manner. Design teams can greatly benefit from using such mediating objects to draw out the users’ previous experiences. It was found that different model types allow different levels of reflection and questioning of the design from the prospective users.
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| 5. |
- Österman, Cecilia, 1971, et al.
(författare)
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Enabling end-user participation in ship design
- 2011
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Ingår i: Proceedings of the 43rd Annual Nordic Ergonomics Society Conference - Wellbeing and Innovation Through Ergonomics. - 9789514295416 ; , s. 243-248
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Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The globalized nature of the shipping industry poses challenges to a traditional set-up of a collaborativedesign and development team involving end-users. The present study explores aspects of end-user involvement and three different 3D models’ abilities to act as boundary objects in a ship design process.The preliminary results indicate that the evaluation methods and representations used in the study produced valuable design feedback. With relatively small means, the procedure supports the benefits of employee participation, contributing to a safe and efficient ship design and subsequent operation.
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| 6. |
- Österman, Cecilia, 1971-, et al.
(författare)
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Involving users in a ship bridge re-design process using scenarios and mock-up models
- 2016
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Ingår i: International Journal of Industrial Ergonomics. - : Elsevier. - 0169-8141 .- 1872-8219. ; 53, s. 236-244
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The context for this study is the maritime domain and the design of shipboard workspaces. Due to the globalized nature of shipping, the traditional approach to a participative ergonomics process can be a logistical challenge since stakeholders like designers, manufacturers and operators are often scattered both geographically and organizationally.The participative design study presented in this paper addresses this challenge by exploring the ability of three types of simple three-dimensional (3D) models to act as mediating objects for representative users in order to elicit design feedback in a use scenario workshop format. The study found that all three types of 3D models, when coupled with a scenario description, elicited several types of useful design feedback that served not only as direct input to changing proposed design parameters, but also as an unprompted long-term learning opportunity for the design team to gain insight into the lives and challenges of their users, who both work and live on board.Relevance to industry: The paper presents a procedure for a participatory design process in the maritime domain where the involved stakeholders are geographically and organizationally dispersed. Mock-up models coupled with use scenario descriptions elicited useful design feedback and an unprompted long-term learning opportunity for the design team.
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| 7. |
- Ahlgren, Fredrik, et al.
(författare)
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A social sustainability perspective on an environmental intervention to reduce ship emissions
- 2015
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Ingår i: Creating Sustainable Work-environments. - 9788299574754 ; , s. A4-12-A4-15
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper reports a case study examining the effects on the shipboard work environment of an operative decision to change fuel oil type on two Swedish passenger vessels operating in the Baltic Sea. The results show positive changes in work tasks, reduced exposure to harmful pollutants evaporating from the fuel, reduced use of chemicals for cleaning, and a generally cleaner work environment. The outcome illustrates the benefit of a systems perspective when evaluating environmental interventions. Here, the intervention can be seen as an investment that not only reduces emissions to the environment, but contributes towards sustainable working life at sea.
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| 8. |
- Ahlgren, Fredrik, 1980-
(författare)
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Reducing ships' fuel consumption and emissions by learning from data
- 2018
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- In the context of reducing both greenhouse gases and hazardous emissions, the shipping sector faces a major challenge as it is currently responsible for 11% of the transport sector’s anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions. Even as emissions reductions are needed, the demand for the transport sector rises exponentially every year. This thesis aims to investigate the potential to use ships’ existing internal energy systems more efficiently. The thesis focusses on making existing ships in real operating conditions more efficient based logged machinery data. This dissertation presents results that can make ship more energy efficient by utilising waste heat recovery and machine learning tools. A significant part of this thesis is based on data from a cruise ship in the Baltic Sea, and an extensive analysis of the ship’s internal energy system was made from over a year’s worth of data. The analysis included an exergy analysis, which also considers the usability of each energy flow. In three studies, the feasibility of using the waste heat from the engines was investigated, and the results indicate that significant measures can be undertaken with organic Rankine cycle devices. The organic Rankine cycle was simulated with data from the ship operations and optimised for off-design conditions, both regarding system design and organic fluid selection. The analysis demonstrates that there are considerable differences between the real operation of a ship and what it was initially designed for. In addition, a large two-stroke marine diesel was integrated into a simulation with an organic Rankine cycle, resulting in an energy efficiency improvement of 5%. This thesis also presents new methods of employing machine learning to predict energy consumption. Machine learning algorithms are readily available and free to use, and by using only a small subset of data points from the engines and existing fuel flow meters, the fuel consumption could be predicted with good accuracy. These results demonstrate a potential to improve operational efficiency without installing additional fuel meters. The thesis presents results concerning how data from ships can be used to further analyse and improve their efficiency, by using both add-on technologies for waste heat recovery and machine learning applications.
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| 9. |
- Ahlin, Jane, et al.
(författare)
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Strategies to develop and strengthen human factors and ergonomics knowledge among stakeholders in Sweden
- 2015
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Ingår i: Proceedings 19th Triennial Congress of the IEA, Melbourne 9-14 August 2015. - Melbourne : International Ergonomics Association.
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Knowledge and application of human factors and ergonomics (HFE) has significant potential as auseful tool and solution provider in the development, design and implementation of safe, efficient and sustainable artefacts and systems. Yet, it seems that this HFE knowledge is not utilised to its full potential. In a world of competing financial and commercial priorities, HFE specialists have apparently not succeeded in selling the systems approach as a tool towards improved overall systems performance and human well-being.The present paper describes the strategic and practical workperformed by the Swedish Ergonomics and Human Factors Society (EHSS) to strengthen the quality of human factors and ergonomics knowledge and practice among various stakeholders in Sweden. EHSS view human factors and ergonomics as a systems and design oriented discipline that extends across all aspects of human activity. Beyond the traditional domains of specialization within the discipline, the physical, cognitive and organisational ergonomics, EHSS has identified three focus areas; visual ergonomics, voice ergonomics and ergonomics design for all.Practitioner Summary: This paper presents the strategic and practical work performed by the Swedish Ergonomics and Human Factors Society (EHSS) in order to strengthen the quality of human factors and ergonomics knowledge and practice in Sweden. EHSS has identified three focus areas for its strategic work: visual ergonomics, voice ergonomics and ergonomics design for all.
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| 10. |
- Boström Cars, Maria, 1980-, et al.
(författare)
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Mind the Gap! : Maritime education for gender-equal career advancement
- 2015. - 1
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Ingår i: Maritime Women. - Berlin Heidelberg : Springer. - 9783662453841 ; , s. 143-154
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Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Seafaring as an occupation, and the maritime community as a whole, is still a male-dominated industry. In order to encourage more women to engage in a career at sea, a number of campaigns have been launched by various stakeholders. Since gender gaps in education generally are larger in the developing world, while steadily closing in the developed countries, it is both understandable and appropriate that efforts largely have been directed towards enabling women in developing countries to engage in professional education and training, may it be maritime or other. However, is opening the door and encouraging women to participate in maritime training sufficient to keep and encourage women to embark on a maritime career?In this paper, we set out to examine how gender equality is addressed in the curricula of maritime education. A document analysis was performed, examining official study plans and curricula from eight maritime universities in Finland, Norway, Sweden and the Philippines; all nations ranked in the top five in the Global gender Gap Index. The results show that gender issues are not explicitly mentioned or addressed in these documents, indicating a lack of clear strategies for these matters. Educational institutions are important bearers of societal norms and values. Without effective gender-inclusive strategies and pedagogical and didactic approaches, there is a risk of reproducing inequality, instead of producing equality. Increasing numbers of female students will not alone close the gender gap in the maritime industry. Gender issues must be well defined, operationalised and included in educational policy and curricula-making at individual, structural as well as symbolical levels.
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