| 1. |
- Holmberg, Hanna, et al.
(författare)
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Short duration of breast-feeding as a risk-factor for beta-cell autoantibodies in 5-year-old children from the general population
- 2007
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Ingår i: British Journal of Nutrition. - : Cambridge University Press. - 0007-1145 .- 1475-2662. ; 97:1, s. 111-116
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Breast-feeding has been suggested to have a protective effect against the development of type 1 diabetes. In the present study, we investigated the relation between duration of breast-feeding and beta-cell autoantibodies in 5-year-old non-diabetic children who participated in a prospective population-based follow-up study (the All Babies in Southeast Sweden study). Autoantibodies to insulin (IAA), glutamic acid decarboxylase (GADA) and the protein tryosine phosphatase-like IA-2 (IA-2A) were measured by radiobinding assays. A short duration of total breast-feeding was associated with an increased risk of GADA and/or IAA above the ninety-fifth percentile at 5 years of age (OR 2.09, 95% CI 1.45, 3.02; P<0.000) as well as with an increased risk of IAA above the ninety-fifth percentile at this age (OR 2.89, 95% CI 1.81, 4.62, P<0.000). A short duration of exclusive breast-feeding was associated with an increased risk of GADA, IAA and/or IA-2A above the ninety-ninth percentile (OR 2.01, 95% CI 1.08, 3.73; P=0.028) as well as with an increased risk of IA-2A above the ninety-ninth percentile (OR 3.50, 95% CI 1.38, 8.92, P=0.009) at 5 years of age. An early introduction of formula was associated with an increased risk of GADA, IAA and/or IA-2A above the ninety-ninth percentile (OR 1.84, 95% CI 1.01, 3.37; P=0.047) at 5 years of age. The positive association between a short duration of both total and exclusive breast-feeding, as well as an early introduction of formula, and positivity for beta-cell autoantibodies in children from the general population suggest that breast-feeding modifies the risk of beta-cell autoimmunity, even years after finishing breast-feeding.
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| 2. |
- Ludvigsson, Johnny, 1943-, et al.
(författare)
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Diabetes-related autoantibodies in cord blood from children of healthy mothers have disappeared by the time the child is one year old
- 2002
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Ingår i: Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. - : Wiley. - 0077-8923 .- 1749-6632. ; 958, s. 289-292
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Autoantibodies found in cord blood in children who later develop diabetes might be produced by the fetus. If so, continuous autoantibody production would still be expected in these children at one year of age. We decided to determine autoantibodies in cord blood and to see whether they persisted in these children at one year. Autoantibodies against GAD65 (glutamic acid decarboxylase) and IA-2 (tyrosine phosphatase) in cord blood were determined in 2,518 randomly selected children. Forty-nine (1.95%) were positive for GAD65 antibodies, 14 (0.56%) were positive for IA-2 antibodies, and 3 of them were positive for both GAD and IA-2. Four of the mothers of children with GAD65 autoantibodies in cord blood (8.2%) had type 1 diabetes as did 5 mothers of children with IA-2 antibodies (35.7 %), but only 0.4% of the mothers had type 1 diabetes in the autoantibody-negative group (P < 0.001). Information on infections during pregnancy was available in 2,169 pregnancies. In the autoantibody-positive group, 31.5% had an infection during pregnancy, which was more common than in the autoantibody-negative group of 500 children with the lowest values (20.1%; P < 0.04). At one year follow-up nobody of those with positive cord blood had GAD65 or IA-2 autoantibodies. We conclude that most autoantibodies found in cord blood samples of children are probably passively transferred from mother to child. Antibody screening of cord blood cannot be used to predict diabetes in the general population. Infections during pregnancy may initiate an immune process related to diabetes development.
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| 3. |
- Wahlberg, Jeanette, 1969-, et al.
(författare)
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Asthma and allergic symptoms and type 1 diabetes-related autoantibodies in 2.5-yr-old children
- 2011
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Ingår i: Pediatric Diabetes. - : John Wiley & Sons. - 1399-543X .- 1399-5448. ; 12:7, s. 604-610
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- A dominance of Th2 cytokine pattern is associated with allergic diseases, whereas a Th1 pattern has been reported in autoimmune type 1 diabetes (T1D). The Th1/Th2 paradigm has led to the interest in the relationship between these diseases. To investigate the association between atopic diseases, asthma and occurrence of T1D-related β-cell autoantibodies in children, we studied 7208 unselected 2.5-yr-old children from the All Babies in Southeast Sweden (ABIS) cohort. The ABIS cohort includes 17 055 (78.3% out of all 21 700) children born from October 1997 to October 1999, and followed prospectively with regular biological samples and questionnaires, at birth, at 1 and 2.5 yr. Risk factors for development of β-cell autoantibodies at the age of 2.5 yr were type of domiciliary, domestic animals (cat and dog) and getting a new brother/sister during first year of life. Maternal smoking during pregnancy [odds ratio (OR) 1.6] and heavy smoking at home (>10 vs. ≤10 cigarettes) implied risk for tyrosine phosphatase autoantibodies (IA-2A) (OR 2.9). Wheezing during the first year of life implied risk for glutamic acid decarboxylase autoantibodies (GADA) (OR 1.9) and double positivity for GADA and IA-2A (OR 9.1). Rash on several locations (at least three times during 12 months) (OR 1.7) as well as allergic symptoms related to fur-bearing animals (OR 2.7) implied risk for IA-2A. Food allergy against egg, cow-milk, fish, nuts/almonds (one or in combination) implied risk for GADA and IA-2A (OR 4.5). In a regression model wheezing during first year of life remained as a risk factor for GADA [OR 2.0, confidence interval (CI) 1.1–3.8; p = 0.031] and both GADA and IA-2A (OR 10.7, CI 3.9–29.4; p = 0.000). We conclude that allergic symptoms are associated with the development of T1D-related autoantibodies during the first years of life.
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| 4. |
- Wahlberg, Jeanette, 1969-, et al.
(författare)
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Environmental factors related to the induction of beta-cell autoantibodies in 1-yr-old healthy children
- 2005
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Ingår i: Pediatric Diabetes. - : John Wiley & Sons. - 1399-543X .- 1399-5448. ; 6:4, s. 199-205
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We studied environmental risk factors which might contribute to the development of beta-cell autoantibodies in healthy children. Here, we investigated 6000 randomly selected children from the large All Babies in Southeast Sweden (ABIS) cohort, including 17 055 newborns recruited between 1997 and 1999. Questionnaires at birth and at 1 yr of age and the levels of autoantibodies to glutamic acid decarboxylase (GADA) and autoantibodies to tyrosine phosphatase (IA-2A) at 1 yr of age were analyzed. The 99th percentile cutoff for autoantibodies was proposed to identify children at risk of type 1 diabetes (T1D) and the 90th percentile cutoff to identify children in whom beta-cell autoimmunity has been induced. Using the 90th percentile cutoff level, 1156 children had either IA-2A (n = 574) or GADA (n = 582), while 126 children had both GADA and IA-2A. When the 99th percentile cutoff level was used, 114 children had either IA-2A (n = 57) or GADA (n = 57), and six children had both GADA and IA-2A. In logistic regression analysis, celiac disease in grandparents [odds ratio (OR) 2.2] and maternal gastrointestinal infection (OR 1.1) represented a risk for simultaneous occurrence of both IA-2A and GADA above the 90th percentile. Birth in spring (March to May) (OR 1.5) and male gender (OR 1.3) were risk factors for induction of IA-2A. Mother's low education represented a risk for induction of IA-2A (OR 1.5) and GADA (OR 1.4). T1D in first-degree relatives increased the risk for beta-cell autoimmunity above the 99th percentile (OR 2.6), whereas type 2 diabetes in grandparents was associated with GADA (OR 2.1). Exposure to cow's milk formulas <2 months of age implied an OR of 2.9 for IA-2A above the 99th percentile.
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| 5. |
- Wahlberg, Jeanette, 1969-, et al.
(författare)
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Vaccinations may induce diabetes-related autoantibodies in one-year-old children
- 2003
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Ingår i: Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. - : Wiley-Blackwell Publishing Inc.. - 0077-8923 .- 1749-6632. ; 1005:1, s. 404-408
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Vaccinations have been discussed as one among many environmental candidates contributing to the immune process that later may lead to type 1 diabetes. ABIS (All Babies in Southeast Sweden) is a prospective cohort study following a nonselected birth cohort of general population. In a randomly selected sample collection from 4400 children, GADA and IA-2A have been determined at the age of 1 year. The information on vaccinations was collected from questionnaires answered by the parents and was related to β cell autoantibodies. When studying the induction of autoantibodies using the autoantibody level of 90th percentile as cutoff level, hemophdus influenza B (HIB) vaccination appeared to be a risk factor for IA-2A [OR 5.9 (CI 1.4-24.4; p = 0.01)] and for GADA [OR 3.4 (CI 1.1-10.8; p = 0.04)] in logistic regression analyses. Furthermore, the titers of IA-2A were significantly higher (p < 0.01 in Mann-Whitney test) in those children who had got HIB vaccination. When 99th percentile was used as cutoff to identify the children at risk of type 1 diabetes, BCG vaccination was associated with increased prevalence of IA-2A (p < 0.01). We conclude that HIB vaccination may have an unspecific stimulatory polyclonal effect increasing the production of GADA and IA-2A. This might be of importance under circumstances when the β cell-related immune response is activated by other mechanisms.
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