| 1. |
- Posthouwer, Chantal, et al.
(författare)
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Quantitative market survey of non-woody plants sold at Kariakoo Market in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
- 2018
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Ingår i: Journal of Ethnopharmacology. - : Elsevier BV. - 0378-8741 .- 1872-7573. ; 222, s. 280-287
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Ethnopharmacological relevance: In Tanzania, traditional medicine plays a significant role in health care and local economies based on the harvesting, trade and sale of medicinal plant products. The majority of this plant ma- terial is said to originate from wild sources, and both traditional healers and vendors are concerned about the increasing scarcity of certain species.Aim of the study: A market survey of non-powdered, non-woody medicinal plants was conducted at Kariakoo Market in Dar es Salaam, the major hub for medicinal plant trade in Tanzania, to assess sustainability of traded herbal medicine. Materials and Methods: For this study, fresh and dried herbs, seeds and fruits were collected and interviews were conducted to obtain information on vernacular names, preparation methods, monthly sales, uses and prices. Bundles of herbal medicine offered for sale were weighed and counted to calculate the value and volumes of daily stock at the market.Results: A total of 71 medicinal plant products belonging to 62–67 different species from at least 41 different plant families were identified. We identified 45 plant products to species level, 20 products to genus level and four to family level. Plant species most encountered at the market were Suregada zanzibariensis, Myrothamnus flabellifolia and Sclerocarya birrea. The major use categories reported by the vendors were ritual purposes, di- gestive disorders and women's health. Annual sales are estimated to be in excess of 30 t and close to 200,000 USD, and trade in herbal medicine at Kariakoo Market provides subsistence income to many local vendors. Conclusions: A large diversity of wild-harvested plant species is traded as medicinal products in Tanzania, in- cluding species listed on CITES Appendices. Identifying and monitoring temporal changes in availability per season and from year to year will reveal which species are most affected by this trade, and help relevant au- thorities in Tanzania to find alternative sources of income for dependent stakeholders and initiate targeted efforts to protect threatened plant species.
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| 2. |
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| 3. |
- Veldman, Sarina, et al.
(författare)
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A quantitative market survey of medicinal plants used in Dar-es-Salaam and Tanga.
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Annan publikation (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Tanzania has a thriving medicinal plant trade, which is solely based on the harvest of wild plant resources. Many of the plants are dried or powdered and often lack sufficient morphological characters for species-level identification. It is thus unclear which species exactly are traded and in what amounts. This study provides an overview of species traded in the main Tanzanian coastal trade hubs Dar-es-Salaam and Tanga, quantifies the annual sales volumes of these plants and gives an overview of the possible conservation issues arising from the wild-harvest of Tanzanian medicinal plants. Based on the interview data from 46 questionnaires an overview was compiled of the plants most frequently mentioned by the market vendors as well as a list with plants that were considered to become more difficult to obtain. A total of >850 single ingredient samples was collected. The main health categories for which these plants are reported to be used are women’s health, ritual purposes and respiratory problems. In addition to vouchers from the plants sold on the market, reference herbarium vouchers were made in the field together with a medicinal plant collector for the twenty most frequently mentioned plants. Results from the field indicate that there are high harvesting pressures on some of the most commonly traded medicinal plant species. The top five plants that are considered to be becoming scarcer are Zanha africana (Radlk.) Exell. (Sapindaceae), Zanthoxylum chalybeum Engl. (Rubiaceae), Warburgia elongata Verdc. (Canellaceae), Allophylus rubifolius (Hochst. ex A.Rich.) Engl. (Sapindaceae) and Cassia abbreviata Oliv. (Leguminosae). Alarmingly, four out of these five plants also figure in the list of most frequently mentioned plants and several vendors indicate they each sell up to 200kg of these species per month. Warburgia elongata is included on the global Red List as endangered, as well as several Zanthoxylum species. From these plants the bark, roots and branches are used for medicine, parts which are often harvested unsustainably. In order to conserve local medicinal plant populations and ensure a sustainable herbal medicine supply, it is essential to look at sustainable harvesting strategies as well as cultivation possibilities in collaboration with the harvesters, middlemen and vendors.
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| 4. |
- Veldman, Sarina, et al.
(författare)
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DNA barcoding augments conventional methods for identification of medicinal plant species traded at Tanzanian markets
- 2020
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Ingår i: Journal of Ethnopharmacology. - : ELSEVIER IRELAND LTD. - 0378-8741 .- 1872-7573. ; 250
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Ethnopharmalogical relevance: In Africa, traditional medicine is important for local healthcare and plants used for these purposes are commonly traded. Identifying medicinal plants sold on markets is challenging, as leaves, barks and roots are often fragmented or powdered. Vernacular names are often homonymic, and identification of material lacking sufficient morphological characters is time-consuming, season-dependent and might lead to incorrect assessments of commercialised species diversity.Aim of the study: In this study, we identified cases of vernacular heterogeneity of medicinal plants using a tiered approach of literature research, morphology and DNA barcoding.Material and methods: A total of 870 single ingredient medicinal plant samples corresponding to 452 local names were purchased from herbal markets in Dar-es-Salaam and Tanga, Tanzania, and identified using conventional methods as well as DNA barcoding using rbcL, matK and nrITS.Results: Using conventional methods, we could identify 70% of samples to at least family level, while 62% yielded a DNA barcode for at least one of the three markers. Combining conventional methods and DNA barcoding, 76% of the samples could be identified to species level, revealing a diversity of at least 175 species in 65 plant families. Analysis of the market samples revealed 80 cases of multilingualism and over- and under-differentiation. Afzelia quanzensis Welw., Zanthoxylum spp., Allophylus spp. and Albizia anthelmintica Brongn. were the most evident cases of multilingualism and over-differentiation, as they were traded under 8-12 vernacular names in up to five local languages. The most obvious case of under-differentiation was mwingajini (Swahili), which matched to eight scientific species in five different plant families.Conclusions: Use of a tiered approach increases the identification success of medicinal plants sold in local market and corroborates findings that DNA barcoding can elucidate the identity of material that is unidentifiable based on morphology and literature as well as verify or disqualify these identifications. Results of this study can be used as a basis for quantitative market surveys of fragmented herbal medicine and to investigate conservation issues associated with this trade.
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| 5. |
- Veldman, Sarina, et al.
(författare)
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Three’s a charm – identification of medicinal plant species traded at Tanzanian markets using a combination of literature, molecular and morphological methods.
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Annan publikation (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- In Tanzania large parts of the population rely on traditional medicine for their primary healthcare and medicinal plants are commonly traded. Several studies on medicinal plants have been performed in Tanzania, but identifying medicinal plants sold on local markets is challenging since vendors trade sterile leaves, barks and roots, which are often sold in powdered form to increase shelf life and to allow mixing on the spot. Vernacular names might match multiple scientific species or have not been linked to a scientific species or genus. To identify vouchers that lack sufficient morphological characters, literature could be used for identification or medicinal plant vendors are accompanied into the field to collect medicinal plant vouchers for morphological identification, but this is time-consuming, season-dependent and might lead to misrepresentation of the plants that are actually present at the local markets. In this study, we identify medicinal plants sold at the Dar-es-Salaam and Tanga markets using a tied approach of DNA barcoding, literature and morphology and look at cases of over- and under-differentiation. In total 873 single ingredient medicinal plants samples corresponding to 452 ethnospecies were purchased from the herbal markets in Dar-es-Salaam and Tanga. The samples were analysed using literature, morphology and matK, rbcL and nrITS barcoding. Out of the 873 market samples 661 could be identified up to at least family level using literature and morphology, and 535 yielded a DNA barcode for at least one of the three markers. Combining the three methods a total 509 identifications could be made showing a diversity of 91 plant species in 124 genera spread over 65 plant families. Out of the 212 samples that were unidentifiable based on morphology and literature, 39 could be identified up to species level, 28 up to genus level and 55 up to family level using DNA barcoding. Analysis of the market samples revealed eighty cases of over- and under-differentiation. Afzelia quanzensis Welw. (Leguminosae), Zanthoxylum spp. (Rutaceae), Allophylus spp. (Sapindaceae) and Albizia anthelmintica Brongn. (Leguminosae) were the most obvious cases of over-differentiation, since they were traded under eight to twelve vernacular names in one to five different local languages. The most obvious case of under-differentiation was mwingajini (Swahili), which matched to a variety of scientific species in five different plant families. This study shows that using a tied approach increases the identification success of medicinal plants sold on local market and corroborates findings that DNA barcoding be successfully applied for the identification of material that is unidentifiable based on morphology and literature. Results of this study can be used as a basis for quantitative market surveys and to investigate conservation issues associated with trade in medicinal plants.
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