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- Selck, H., et al.
(författare)
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Assessing and managing multiple risks in a changing worldThe Roskilde recommendations
- 2017
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Ingår i: Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry. - Hoboken, NJ : Wiley. - 0730-7268 .- 1552-8618. ; 36:1, s. 7-16
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Roskilde University (Denmark) hosted a November 2015 workshop, Environmental RiskAssessing and Managing Multiple Risks in a Changing World. This Focus article presents the consensus recommendations of 30 attendees from 9 countries regarding implementation of a common currency (ecosystem services) for holistic environmental risk assessment and management; improvements to risk assessment and management in a complex, human-modified, and changing world; appropriate development of protection goals in a 2-stage process; dealing with societal issues; risk-management information needs; conducting risk assessment of risk management; and development of adaptive and flexible regulatory systems. The authors encourage both cross-disciplinary and interdisciplinary approaches to address their 10 recommendations: 1) adopt ecosystem services as a common currency for risk assessment and management; 2) consider cumulative stressors (chemical and nonchemical) and determine which dominate to best manage and restore ecosystem services; 3) fully integrate risk managers and communities of interest into the risk-assessment process; 4) fully integrate risk assessors and communities of interest into the risk-management process; 5) consider socioeconomics and increased transparency in both risk assessment and risk management; 6) recognize the ethical rights of humans and ecosystems to an adequate level of protection; 7) determine relevant reference conditions and the proper ecological context for assessments in human-modified systems; 8) assess risks and benefits to humans and the ecosystem and consider unintended consequences of management actions; 9) avoid excessive conservatism or possible underprotection resulting from sole reliance on binary, numerical benchmarks; and 10) develop adaptive risk-management and regulatory goals based on ranges of uncertainty. Environ Toxicol Chem 2017;36:7-16. (c) 2016 SETAC
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- Akin, Danny E., et al.
(författare)
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Progress in enzyme-retting of flax
- 2004
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Ingår i: Journal of Natural Fibers. - 1544-0478. ; 1:1, s. 21-47
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- New methods for retting flax are sought to overcome problems in the current method of dew-retting of flax. Published data are reviewed and new data presented on the development and testing of a method to ret flax using pectinase-rich enzyme mixtures plus chelators based on cost and fiber yield and properties. In spray enzyme retting (SER), flax stems are crimped to physically disrupt the plant's protective barrier and then sprayed until soaked with, or briefly immersed in, an enzyme/ chelator formulation. Flax is then incubated at temperatures optimal for enzyme activity, washed, and dried. Pilot scale tests, conducted with 10 kg samples of flax retted with a series of formulations, showed that this method effectively retted flax stems from a variety of sources, including fiber flax, mature fiber flax, and linseed straw. Fiber yield, strength, and fineness were significantly influenced by variations in enzyme-chelator amounts. Cellulases in pectinase mixtures appeared to preferentially attack dislocations in fibers and fiber bundles resulting in loss of fiber strength. Polygalacturonases alone effectively separated fiber from non-fiber components. The SER method proved to be an effective framework for further tests on enzyme-chelator formulations that now must be integrated with physical processing to optimize the extraction of flax fibers based on cost and fiber yield and properties.
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- Peters, Gregory, 1970, et al.
(författare)
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Improving odour assessment in LCA - the odour footprint
- 2014
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Ingår i: International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1614-7502 .- 0948-3349. ; 19:11, s. 1891-1900
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Purpose Odour is an important aspect of systems for humanand agricultural waste management and many technologiesare developed with the sole purpose of reducing odour.Compared with greenhouse gas assessment and the assessmentof toxicity, odour assessment has received little attentionin the life cycle assessment (LCA) community. This articleaims to redress this.Methods Firstly, a framework for the assessment of odourimpacts in LCA was developed considering the classicalLCA framework of emissions, midpoint and endpoint indicators.This suggested that an odour footprint midpoint indicatorwas worth striving for. An approach to calculating an arealindicator we call “odour footprint”, which considers the odourdetection threshold, the diffusion rate and the kinetics ofdegradation of odourants, was implemented in MATLAB.We demonstrated the use of the characterisation factors wecalculated in a case study based on odour removal technologyapplied to a pig barn.Results and discussion We produced a list of 33 linear characterisation factors based on hydrogen sulphide equivalents, analogous to the linear carbon dioxide equivalency factors in use in carbon footprinting, or the dichlorobenzene equivalency factors developed for assessment of toxic impacts in LCA. Like the latter, this odour footprint method does not take local populations and exposure pathway analysis into account—its intent is not to assess regulatory compliance or detailed design. The case study showed that despite the need for materials and energy, large factor reductions in odour footprint andeutrophication potential were achieved at the cost of a smaller factor increase in greenhouse emissions.Conclusions The odour footprint method is proposed as animprovement on the established midpoint method for odourassessment in LCA. Unlike it, the method presented hereconsiders the persistence of odourants. Over time, we hopeto increase the number of characterised odourants, enablinganalysts to perform simple site-generic LCA on systems withodourant emissions.
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