| 1. |
- Adolfsson, Carl-Henrik, Fil doktor, 1976-, et al.
(författare)
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A study on policy pressures and power dynamics in the changing landscape of local school governance
- 2018
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- The aim with this paper is to explore local school governance in the Swedish schooling system by focusing on the local authority and principals through a lens of neo-institutional theory. The study is conducted against a backdrop of current trends in global and national educational policy where it in the Swedish context is possible to identify two major shifts: new ways of how the state seeks to control the schools’ outcomes at the expense of the local authorities room for exercise of power– a ‘re-centralisation’the emergence of a new dynamic between the local authority and principals. In the early 1990s, the Swedish school system was decentralised and the municipalities were given authority for the governing of the schools. A new goal- and outcome-based quality system was introduced that put the municipalities in Sweden in a new position. However, during the last decades transnational organisations and associations such as the OECD and the EU have gained greater influence over education policy (Robertson & Dale, 2015). New policy spaces have emerged that transcend, but also converge within, national borders (Sassen, 2006). Accountability, standardisation and increased student results stand out as important ingredients in current global reform agendas (Wahlström & Sundberg, 2017a; Anderson-Levitt, 2008). In Sweden, declining student achievement in PISA has made policy-makers inclined to be informed by policy solutions from the OECD (Wahlström, 2017). Paired with a strong focus on student achievement, the notion of a school system in a state of crisis grew. Altogether, this have spurred an intensive critique against the decentralised schooling system and triggered a trend of ‘re-centralisation’ in Sweden, meaning a shift towards a more state-regulated governing of the school system (Wahlström & Sundberg, 2017; Adolfsson, 2013) . The government has introduced several reforms and incentives that involves the local management of schools. These include, for instance, a new national curriculum for the compulsory and the upper secondary schooling, a School Inspectorate for auditing and monitoring schools; A reformed Education Act emphasising the local authority’s responsibility for equity and student achievement, and strengthening the principals’ authority; Professional development programmes; and new specialist functions in school (Alvunger, 2015; Adolfsson & Alvunger, 2017). These policy movements have altogether challenged the relations between the state, the local authorities and the schools in Sweden. In light of these changes and with reference to the presented aim of this paper, we ask ourselves the following research questions:How do representatives of the local authority experience and respond to the pressure and influence from the state through the focus on equity and the improvement of student results in national educational policy discourse?What strategies do the local authority employ for governing the schools in the municipality?In what ways do principals respond to the tension in the ‘dual’ governance from the state and the local authority? The paper draws on a ‘classical’ theoretical and methodological framework of curriculum theory (i.e. the frame-factor theory), with its different levels of analysis – the societal/ideological level, the programmatic level; and the school/classroom level (Lundgren, 1972). When it comes to the more specific analysis of the consequences of the changed conditions of governing and exercise of control at the local policy level, a neo-institutional theoretical perspective will be used (Scott, 2008). From this perspective, three dimensions can be highlighted regarding how institutions seek to control and affect other institutions, respond to external pressure and seek legitimacy: regulative (rules and sanctions for legitimacy), normative (evaluation and moral legitimacy), and cognitive-cultural/discursive (shared conceptions and frames of meaning-making (2008). Methods and material This paper has a mixed-method design, where the research design aims at preserving the complexity and deepening the perspective of the research questions being addressed while at the same time obtaining different, but complementary data on the same phenomenon (Cresswell, 2010; Cresswell and Clark, 2007). The study of local governance with the local authority and principals is conducted in three steps. The first of the research questions, i.e. how representatives of the local authority experience and respond to policy pressure from the state, will be answered by using secondary data from a project that investigated the municipalities as policy actors in light of the implementation of the new national curriculum for compulsory schooling in Sweden (Wahlström & Sundberg, 2017). It includes a survey (n= 727) and interviews with representatives from local authorities in Sweden. The two remaining sets of research questions, comprising local authorities’ strategies for governing schools and principals’ responses, will be answered through a case study of a large municipality in southern Sweden (135 000 inhabitants) using a survey (n=61; response rate 62 %) to principals and 4 semi-structured focus-group interviews with principals and representatives of the local authority. The survey consisted of questions about experiences of the subsequent organisation, governing structures, the communication of aims between different levels, collaborative structures and arenas, professional development, curriculum support and the role of functions for school development. The quantitative data was then analysed and used for asking follow-up and questions in the interviews, targeting specific items regarding experiences of expectations from the institutional environment, policy pressures, governing structures and strategies to cope with certain arrangements in the environment. The interviews thus provided complementary qualitative data and gave a richer description of the principals’ views. Expected outcomes Representatives from the local authority emphasise that the national governance of schools to a higher extent and in a more explicit way is directed towards the schools as units as a result the recent educational reforms. They claim that the autonomy of principals following the Education act has created greater clarity. Meanwhile, it has impeded their agency in matters concerning enactment of government policy and curriculum. In combination with the emphasis on local authorities as being responsible for quality assurance, allocating resources for equity and student achievement, the local authorities’ ability to control internal processes of schools has decreased significantly. It seems that local authorities’ space for regulative sanctions and mechanisms has been weakened. In order to compensate, local authorities apply strategies of soft governance for controlling the schools. These strategies are characterised by normative and cognitive/discursive dimension and may be comprised by one or a combination of the following:Re-structuring the organisation and controlling communicationUse expert teachers to monitor and control internal professional development/school improvement efforts of schoolsCompetition through rewarding schools which comply to reforms, show best practice and have high-performing studentsStandardisation measures to ensure greater coherence and compliance The principals describe a more generous space for action with the Education act, but they also experience a higher degree of pressure to improve student achievement and goal attainment, both from the local authority and from the state. This pressure is expressed in different ways. The local authority presents comparisons of results between schools which triggers competition. The principals are bound to report results or other statistical data on request, which in turn may cause a negative pressure from their teachers. In addition, principals describe how a lot of resources in terms of time and money are invested to ‘pass’ inspections from the national agency. ReferencesAdolfsson, C-H. (2013). Kunskapsfrågan – En läroplansteoretisk studie om gymnasieskolans reformer mellan 1960-talet och 2010-talet [The question of knowledge – a curriculum study of the Swedish upper secondary school reforms between the 1960s and 2010s]. Dissertation, Linnaeus University. Adolfsson, C-H., & Alvunger, D. (2017). The nested systems of local school development : Understanding improved interaction and capacities in the different sub-systems of schools. Improving Schools. 20. 195-208. Alvunger, D. (2015).
Towards new forms of educational leadership? The local implementation of förstelärare in Swedish schools.
Nordic Journal of Studies in Educational Policy, 1(3), 55–66. Anderson-Levitt, K. M. (2008). Globalization and curriculum. In: M. F. Connelly (Ed.), The Sage handbook of curriculum and instruction (pp. 349–368). London: Sage Publications.Creswell, J. W. (2010). Mapping the developing landscape of mixed methods research. In A. Tashakkori, & C. Teddlie (Eds.), Sage handbook of mixed methods in social & behavioral research (pp. 45–68). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.Creswell, J. W., & Plano Clark, V. (2007). Designing and conducting mixed methods. London: SAGE.Lundgren, U.P. (1972). Frame factors and the teaching process: A contribution to curriculum theory and theory of teaching. Stockholm: Almqvist & Wiksell. Robertson, S., & Dale, R. (2015). Towards a ‘critical cultural political economy’ account of the globalising of education, Globalisation, Societies and Education, 13(1), 149–170, DOI: 10.1080/14767724.2014.967502Sassen, S. (2006). Territory, authority, rights: From medieval to global assemblages. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
Scott, W. (2008). Approaching Adulthood: The Maturing of Institutional Theory. Theory and Society, 37(5), 427-442.Wahlström, N., &
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| 2. |
- Adolfsson, Carl-Henrik, Fil doktor, 1976-, et al.
(författare)
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Power dynamics and policy actions in the changing landscape of local school governance
- 2020
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Ingår i: Nordic Journal of Studies in Educational Policy. - : Taylor & Francis Group. - 2002-0317. ; 6:2, s. 128-142
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In this paper, we theorize on local school governance through a multi-method case study of a large-sized Swedish municipality by drawing on neo-institutional theory. In light of a changing governing landscape in Sweden in terms of a ‘re-centralization’, new conditions between the state, the local education authorities (LEA) and the schools have emerged. The aim of this study is to examine what policy actions the LEA employ for governing the school and in what ways that principals respond and handle these policy actions. The results point to the fact that the LEA uses a bench-marking strategy through its quality assurance system and intervene if results are poor. Principals seek support from the LEA, but are anxious that their autonomy will be diminished and therefore function as ‘gate-. The system for quality assurance is appreciated by principals, but standards aimed at framing discursive communication on quality are criticized. Principals turn to managers below the superintendent, which creates a tension between managers. The study shows that different levels and actors must be taken into account in order to achieve a comprehensive understanding of the multi-layered field of local policy enactment.
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| 3. |
- Adolfsson, Carl-Henrik, Fil doktor, 1976-, et al.
(författare)
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Data Analysis for School Improvement within Coupled Local School Systems : Which Data and with what Purposes?
- 2023
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Ingår i: Leadership and Policy in Schools. - : Taylor & Francis Group. - 1570-0763 .- 1744-5043. ; 22:3, s. 714-727
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- From a new institutional theoretical perspective, this article explores school actors’ sense making linked to data-based decision making (DBDM) policy in general and processes of data analysis in particular. The study revealed how actors’ interpretation of and response to DBDM requirements pointed to strong and weak couplings between and within the local school system’s different organizational levels. While teachers primarily emphasized informal, daily analyses, the LEA and principals placed importance on formal, district and school-based analyses. In the same way teachers to a greater extent think that too much resources is spent on collecting and analyzing data rather than on innovation and school improvement.
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| 4. |
- Adolfsson, Carl-Henrik, Fil doktor, 1976-, et al.
(författare)
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Evaluating School Improvement Efforts : Pupils as Silent Result Suppliers, or Audible Improvement Resources?
- 2018
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Ingår i: International Journal of Learning, Teaching and Educational Research. - Flacq : Society for Research and Knowledge Management. - 1694-2493 .- 1694-2116. ; 17:6, s. 34-50
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This article contributes to a perspective of school development, where pupils‟ experiences of the teaching they encounter are regarded as a result of improvement work. In a three-year research collaboration with four nine-year compulsory schools in a large Swedish municipality, researchers have continuously conducted group interviews with different actors, collected relevant documentation and reported their preliminary analyses to the schools. In the light of previous research, the results show that the development areas that have been in focus in the schools have in some cases had an impact on the teaching. However, no homogenous change is evident. Rather, the variation between classrooms, teachers and subjects is great, especially if the pupils‟ perspectives are taken into consideration. The pupils‟ experiences and voices on how the improvement work materialises in the classroom contribute to explaining the connections, or lack of them, between the school and classroom levels.
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| 5. |
- Adolfsson, Carl-Henrik, Fil doktor, 1976-, et al.
(författare)
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Evaluating teacher and school development by learning capital : a conceptual contribution to a fundamental problem
- 2019
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Ingår i: Improving Schools. - : Sage Publications. - 1365-4802 .- 1475-7583. ; 22:2, s. 130-143
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In light of an international policy movement to increase focus on students’ academic achievement, the question of how to improve schools has become an important issue at all levels in the school system. Substantial resources have been invested in reforms to improve conditions for pupils’ learning. Great expectations and responsibility are often placed on teachers in terms of their professional development (PD), the aim being to improve their teaching practices. Consequently, the question of how to evaluate the results of school improvement programmes, including teachers’ PD, has arisen. However, there is a lack of theoretical concepts that can capture the outcomes of such development in a qualified way. Taking inspiration from the research on teachers’ PD and theories relating to teachers’ knowledge and capabilities, the aim of this study is to outline a conceptual framework that can serve as an analytical tool when evaluating both school improvement initiatives in general and school actors’ learning in particular. Four types of learning capital that are intended to reflect the central aspects of teachers’ and school organisations’ learning and the capabilities linked to teaching practice and its development are outlined. This conceptual framework is applied and exemplified based on the results of a three-year research project evaluating a school improvement programme in a Swedish municipality. Finally, some conclusions are drawn regarding the different types of analysis possible with the current conceptual framework related to the evaluation of school improvement efforts.
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| 8. |
- Adolfsson, Carl-Henrik, Fil doktor, 1976-
(författare)
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Large-scale school improvement : results of and conditions for systemic changes within coupled school systems
- 2024
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Ingår i: Journal of educational change. - : Springer. - 1389-2843 .- 1573-1812.
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The aim of this study was to explore the results of and conditions for systemiclarge-scale school improvement. Through a multi-level analysis and a theoreticalframework inspired by organization- and sensemaking-oriented theories, the studyexamines how a Swedish large-scale school improvement program, “Collaborationfor the Best School Possible,” played out in two Swedish municipalities. Schoolactors at four organizational levels (at the National Education Agency, Local Education Authority, school leader, and teacher levels) in the two municipalities wereinterviewed. Because these school actors’ sensemaking is linked to different aspectsof the national largescale improvement program, the analysis shows a variation inthe strengthening of the couplings between these organizational levels. The different nature of the couplings affected the implementation process and the results ofthe program. While the national large-scale program seemed to have contributed toan improvement in the schools’ quality assurance systems and leadership practices,there were difficulties in maintaining general and sustainable changes in schools’instructional practices. The conclusion of the study was that, even if a nationallarge-scale school improvement program is well designed and backed up with manyresources, it must be perceived as legitimate among the local school actors at thedifferent organizational levels. This points to the importance of managing the balance between top-down efforts and visions and local professional knowledge andexperience.
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| 9. |
- Adolfsson, Carl-Henrik, Fil doktor, 1976-
(författare)
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Local Quality Management - Local School Governance in Sweden in the light of a re-centralization movement
- 2022
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Ingår i: Education between Hope and Happening – Developing Powerful Curriculum Theorizing in Challenging Times, 9:e Nordiska Läroplansteorikonferensen, Linnéuniversitetet, 20-21 oktober 2022, Abstracts. - : Linnéuniversitetet. ; , s. 10-11
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- In Sweden, as in many other decentralized school systems, extensive responsibility and autonomy has been delegated to Local Educational Authorities (LEA). However, decades of declining student achievement and decreased equality between schools have spurred an intensive critique against the Swedish school system and triggered a more state-regulated governing with aim to take stronger control over the schools’ outcomes. Considering such a ‘re-centralization’ movement, new conditions between the state, the local education authorities (LEA) and the schools has emerged (Wahlström & Sundberg, 2017a; Adolfsson, 2018). In the light of such a changing governing landscape, questions linked to local school governance can be raised. Based on results from two research projects conducted in two large-sized Swedish municipalities, the aim of this paper is to explore and theorize the dynamics of local school governance. The research question guiding this paper can be formulated as: In the light of an emerging re-centralization movement in Sweden, what governing strategies and actions do the LEAs apply to control and manage the schools?Considering a ‘classical’ perspective of school governance (Lindesjö & Lundgren, 2014) four aspects of governance is often mentioned: regulation, economy, ideology (content) and evaluation. In this paper, these aspects are understood in light of a neo-institutional theoretical framework (Scott, 2008). From this perspective, three dimensions can be highlighted regarding how institutions control and affect other institutions, respond to external pressure, and seek legitimacy: regulative (rules and sanctions), normative (prevalent norms, expectations and ideals), and cognitive-cultural/discursive (shared conceptions and frames of meaning-making). These theoretical concepts enable to elucidate the character of the different strategies and actions that LEA undertake in the local governance strategies of the schools.Empirical data from two research projects have been used to answer the research question (Adolfsson & Alvunger, 2020; Håkansson & Adolfsson, 2021; Adolfsson & Håkansson, 2021). These two projects had a common interest in the dynamic interplay between the LEA and principals in relation to a changed governing and policy landscape in Sweden. The data collections in these research projects were carried out through a multi-method approach (Tashakkori and Teddlie, 2010) in terms of policy analysis of local policy documents, interviews with various LEA actors and observations of meetings between LEA administration and school principals. In relation to the concept ‘Local quality management’ (Adolfsson & Håkansson, 2021) the results illustrate that the local school governance often is organized and conducted within the context of the LEA’s quality assurance systems. The following strategies can be distinguished as especially important: - Governance through shared visions and language- Governance through standardization and ‘Benchmarking’- Governance through assessment and quality dialogues - Governance through competence intervention Compared to national governance strategies, local quality management strategies are constituted by more normative and culture/cognitive elements rather than regulative. Finally, I’ll argue that ‘quality management’ should be seen as a fifth dimension of school governance. References Adolfsson, Carl-Henrik (2018). Upgraded curriculum? An analysis of knowledge boundaries in teaching under the Swedish subject-based curriculum. Curriculum Journal, 29(3), 424-440.Adolfsson, C-H., & Alvunger. D. (2020). Power dynamics and policy actions in the changing landscape of local school governance. Nordic Journal of Studies in Educational Policy, 6(2), 128–142.Adolfsson, C. & Håkansson, J. (2021a). Mötet mellan den statliga och kommunala kvalitetsstyrningen inom ramen för Samverkan för bästa skola. Pedagogisk forskning i Sverige, 26 (1). 15-41.Håkansson, J. & Adolfsson, C. (2021). Local education authority’s quality management within a coupled school system: strategies, actions, and tensions. Journal of Educational Change.Lindensjö, B., & Lundgren, U. P. (2014). Utbildningsreformer och politisk styrning. Stockholm, LiberScott, W. (2008). Institutions and organizations: Ideas and interests. London: Sage.Tashakkori, A., & Teddlie, C. (2010). Sage handbook: Mixed methods in social and behavioral research. London: Sage.Wahlström, N., & Sundberg, D. (2017). Transnational curriculum standards and classroom practices: The new meaning of teaching. Routledge
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| 10. |
- Adolfsson, Carl-Henrik, Fil doktor, 1976-, et al.
(författare)
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Mötet mellan den statliga och kommunala kvalitetsstyrningen inom ramen för Samverkan för bästa skola
- 2021
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Ingår i: Pedagogisk forskning i Sverige. - : Linnaeus University. - 1401-6788 .- 2001-3345. ; 26:1, s. 15-41
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Inom ramen för det svenska decentraliserade skolsystemet har ansvaret för att bygga upp, utveckla och bedriva ett systematiskt kvalitetsarbete i första hand varit en fråga för huvudmän och skolor att hantera. I ljuset av en ökad re-centralisering av skolan har uppbyggandet av olika kvalitetssystem för uppföljning och kontroll av skolornas resultat också kommit att utgöra ett viktigt sätt för huvudmannen att styra skolan på. I studien benämns detta i termer av kvalitetsstyrning. I och med Samverkan för bästa skola har dessa gränsdragningar mellan det lokala och det nationella kommit att utmanas. Studien bygger på intervjudata inhämtad på fyra skolor som deltar i Samverkan för bästa skola, från skolförvaltningen i samma kommun samt genom intervju med en representant från Skolverket. Utifrån begreppen löst kopplade system och organisatoriska rutiner studeras vad som karaktäriserar den nationella respektive den kommunala kvalitetsstyrningen samt vad som sker i mötet dem emellan på skolor som genomgår insatser inom ramen för Samverkan för bästa skola, samt med vilka konsekvenser. Resultatet av studien visar bland annat på att idéer och metoder om databaserad skolutveckling utgör viktiga legitimitetsgrunder för såväl den kommunala som den nationella kvalitetsstyrningen. Den nationella kvalitetsstyrningen via Samverkan för bästa skola är dock betydligt mer intensifierad och når längre in i skolornas organisation.
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