| 1. |
- Agius, Maria, 1981-
(författare)
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Dying a Thousand Deaths : Recurring Emergencies and Exceptional Measures in International Law
- 2010
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Ingår i: Göttingen Journal of International Law. - 1868-1581. ; 2:1, s. 219-242
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Crises, while unforeseen and exceptional, appear with some regularity. Cri-sis management is not exceptional, but a recurring task. This paper studies the impact of international law on how international crises are handled and the room allowed for emergency measures within international legal dis-courses. It outlines the relationship between an extra-legal exceptionalist perspective, where law is considered an obstacle to emergency measures, and a more constitutionalist one, where exceptional measures are included within the legal paradigms. Examples are drawn from two contemporary crises: the global financial crisis, with particular reference to Iceland and the Icesave dispute, and the treatment of global epidemics and its effect on trade, with particular reference to the pandemic swine influenza A (H1N1). It is suggested that many factors seem to influence the choice of perspec-tive: inter alia previous deviations in similar situations and the institutional solidity of the legal environment of the rule in question. The role for inter-national law in crisis may increase through soft law guidance and persuasive advice from credible organisations that may assess the gravity of the situa-tion and suggest alternative courses of action within the ambit of law.
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| 2. |
- Agius, Maria, 1981-
(författare)
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The Invocation of Necessity in International Law
- 2009
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Ingår i: Netherlands International Law Review. - 0165-070X .- 1741-6191. ; 56:2, s. 95-135
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This article studies the effects of invoking international necessity, to see whether it can be reconciled with an aspiring international rule of law. Any field of application in theory possible, the doctrine is here applied to uses of force, illustrated by humanitarian interventions, actions against international terrorism and the 2004 Construction of a Wall case. Relationships between circumstances precluding wrongfulness and the grounds for treaty termination is examined in light of international practice, studying necessity's impact on the stability of treaty regimes. The author concludes that international tribunals when applying necessity generally heed the rule of law, the stability of treaties and the elevation of overriding norms. Necessity, if successfully invoked, is not perceived to alter substantive obligations. It cannot create a right to assume would-be illegal behaviour. As a result, necessity need not threaten international legal regime building, but may serve as a safety valve, allowing states to remain faithful to general norms, from which they are allowed to deviate only temporarily. In this manner, necessity can even contribute to the rule of law, thanks to its limited scope, constitutionalising emergency powers and subordinating them to pacta sunt servanda.
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| 3. |
- Agius, Maria, 1981-
(författare)
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Åberopande av nödläge inom folkrätten
- 2008
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Ingår i: Svensk Juristtidning. - Stockholm : Svensk juristtidning. - 0039-6591. ; , s. 133-145
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Den moderna folkrätten har ett utstuderat system för ansvarsutkrävande när en stat svikit de plikter man åtagit sig i förhållande till andra stater. Inom statsansvarsrätten finns dock ett antal ansvarsfrihetsgrunder. En av de mer kontroversiella är den s.k. nödlägesinvändningen. Nödläge har kommit upp i ett antal intressanta internationella rättsfall under de senaste decennierna, bl.a. rörande åtgärder för att skydda miljön, humanitära interventioner och internationell terroristbekämpning. Trots att det fortfarande är ett kontroversiellt institut är det tydligt att stater under vissa omständigheter undgår ansvar för folkrättsbrott om de handlat av nöd. Frågan som diskuteras här är huruvida möjligheten att avvika från internationella åtaganden med hänvisning till ett nödläge kan vara skadlig för den internationella rättens utveckling. Staters tillit till internationella rättsregimer kan skadas och deras benägenhet att reglera sina mellanhavanden i traktatsform minska. Nödlägesinstitutet är dock starkt kringskuret i internationell praxis. Vidare medför det inte att beteendet är att anse som i sig lagligt. Nödläge kan därför i vissa avseenden utan större fara för den internationella rättsordningen utgöra en nödvändig säkerhetsventil.
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| 4. |
- Fogdestam Agius, Maria, 1981-
(författare)
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Interaction and Delimitation of International Legal Orders
- 2013
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This dissertation concerns developments in international law which are occurring as a result of a coexistence of different regimes for adjudication. It traces the processes through which a treaty regime may develop into an autonomous legal order and considers the formation of relationships between international tribunals operating in regime contexts that embed certain values, political ideals and structural biases.For these purposes, a substantial selection of cases, primarily from EU law, WTO law and international environmental law, are analysed from several points of view.The cases reviewed are those that cross-refer to rulings of other courts or to general international law or other international treaty regimes, either for application or for guidance for what is labelled ‘extrinsically informed interpretation’.References are qualitatively analysed with regard to the legal basis for invoking extraneous norms, the criteria for selecting extrinsic norms by which to be influenced, and the potential impact this has on the rules intrinsic to the regime.Perspectives include jurisdictional limitations placed on dispute settlement bodies set up under regimes and constraints as to the choice of applicable law or the influences that may legitimately be factored into legal interpretation; the perceived role of the court as tasked with the continuous development of a legal discipline, or as merely providing dispute resolution; and the tools available to judicial bodies to confine their delineation of the dispute and the legal solutions to it to its own legal order, by distinguishing or declare redundant references to extrinsic norms or judgments.The various connotations attached to the concept of a ‘self-contained regime’ are critiqued, as are the existing approaches to resolving issues arising from the ‘fragmentation’ of international law.Important analytical aspects are sovereign consent, the uncoordinated formats for international law-making and the role of courts and tribunals in fixating relationships of priority between international legal orders.Finally, the implications of this complex web of legal interrelationship at regime level are discussed in terms of the formation of meta-principles for regulating regime relationships and the repercussions for how we perceive of agency, authority and legitimacy in international law.
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