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- Fjällborg, Bengt, 1962, et al.
(författare)
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Identification of metal toxicity in sewage sludge leachate
- 2005
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Ingår i: Environment International. - : Elsevier BV. - 0160-4120. ; 31:1, s. 25-31
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Sewage sludge is a source of organic matter and nutrients with the potential for being used as a fertilizer. However, metals in sewage sludge might accumulate in soil after repeated sludge applications, and metal concentrations might reach concentrations that are toxic to microorganisms, soil organisms and/or plants. This toxicity might change with time due to kinetic factors or abiotic factors such as freezing, drying or rainfall. The objective of this study was to determine toxicity of sewage sludge leachate from a lysimeter with 50 cm of sludge applied. Attempts were also made to identify the cause of toxicity of the sludge leachate by toxicity identification and evaluation (TIE) techniques. Sludge leachate was collected monthly during 1 experimental year (August 2001 to August 2002). Metal concentrations were analysed, and the toxicity was determined with Daphnia magna (48-h immobility). The effect of EDTA or sodium thiosulphate addition, filtration through a CM-resin or a Millex-resin on toxicity was also tested. The results showed that toxicity of the sludge leachate apparently varied during the year, and that filtration through the CM-resin reduced most of the toxicity followed by the addition of EDTA. None of the other treatments reduced the toxicity of the sludge leachate. This indicated that one or more metals were responsible for the observed toxicity. Further calculations of toxic units (TU) suggested that Zn contributed most to the toxicity. Results also indicated that Ca concentrations in the sludge leachate reduced the toxicity of Zn.
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| 6. |
- Lindh, Roland, 1958-, et al.
(författare)
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A MCSCF study of homoaromaticity and the role of ion pairing in the stabilization of carbanions
- 1986
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Ingår i: Journal of the American Chemical Society. - : American Chemical Society (ACS). - 0002-7863 .- 1520-5126. ; 108:21, s. 6554-6561
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The bicyclo[3.2.1]octa-3,6-dien-2-yl anion (I), the anion I lithium cation complex, the allyl anion (X), the allylradical, the allyl anion lithium cation complex, the ethene molecule, and the ethene lithium cation complex have been studiedby means of multiconfigurational SCF (MCSCF) and analytical gradients. The calculations have been confined to minimaland split-valence basis sets. The large distance between the C2 olefinic bridge and the C3 carbanionic bridge of anion I andthe short C6-C7 bond distance imply bishomoaromaticity to be negligible. According to these results, homoaromaticity isnot responsible for the observed stability in many potentially homoaromatic carbanions. The stability of anion I in the gasphase is instead explained in terms of a simple electrostatic model, where the quadrupole moment in the C2 olefinic bridgestabilizes the charge in the C, carbanionic bridge. This model agrees quantitatively with experiment. Calculations on theanion I lithium cation complex showed that in solution an additional attractive interaction between the C2 olefinic bridge andthe lithium cation can contribute. This additional interaction is estimated to stabilize the carbanion-lithium ion pair in thegas phase by about 16 kcal/mol. However, the stabilizing interactions of anion I in solution (quadrupole-charge andcounterion-anion interactions) will be reduced by solvent shielding. The relative ratios of the different stabilizing interactionsare therefore difficult to estimate. The geometrical findings of this paper have been verified by a recent X-ray experiment.
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