| 1. |
- Ahlm, Lars, 1976-, et al.
(författare)
-
A comparison of dry and wet season aerosol number fluxes over the Amazon rain forest
- 2010
-
Ingår i: Atmospheric Chemistry And Physics. - : Copernicus GmbH. - 1680-7316 .- 1680-7324. ; 10:6, s. 3063-3079
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Vertical number fluxes of aerosol particles and vertical fluxes of CO2 were measured with the eddy covariance method at the top of a 53m high tower in the Amazon rain forest as part of the LBA (The Large Scale Biosphere Atmosphere Experiment in Amazonia) experiment. The observed aerosol number fluxes included particles with sizes down to 10 nm in diameter. The measurements were carried out during the wet and dry season in 2008. In this study focus is on the dry season aerosol fluxes, with significant influence from biomass burning, and these are compared with aerosol fluxes measured during the wet season. Net particle deposition fluxes dominated in daytime in both seasons and the deposition flux was considerably larger in the dry season due to the much higher dry season particle concentration. The particle transfer velocity increased linearly with increasing friction velocity in both seasons. The difference in transfer velocity between the two seasons was small, indicating that the seasonal change in aerosol number size distribution is not enough for causing any significant change in deposition velocity. In general, particle transfer velocities in this study are low compared to studies over boreal forests. The reasons are probably the high percentage of accumulation mode particles and the low percentage of nucleation mode particles in the Amazon boundary layer, both in the dry and wet season, and low wind speeds in the tropics compared to the midlatitudes. In the dry season, nocturnal particle fluxes behaved very similar to the nocturnal CO2 fluxes. Throughout the night, the measured particle flux at the top of the tower was close to zero, but early in the morning there was an upward particle flux peak that is not likely a result of entrainment or local pollution. It is possible that these morning upward particle fluxes are associated with emission of primary biogenic particles from the rain forest. Emitted particles may be stored within the canopy during stable conditions at nighttime, similarly to CO2, and being released from the canopy when conditions become more turbulent in the morning.
|
|
| 2. |
- Ahlm, Lars, 1976-
(författare)
-
Aerosol Exchange between Forests and the Atmosphere : Fluxes over a Tropical and a Boreal Forest
- 2010
-
Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The main goal of this thesis was to investigate primary biogenic aerosol emission from the Amazon rain forest through measurements of vertical turbulent aerosol number fluxes. In addition, the particle dry deposition sink has been analysed and quantified, and is also compared with the dry deposition sink at a boreal forest site. The total aerosol number flux of particles with diameter larger than 10 nm was dominated by downward fluxes at the rain forest site, even in the most pristine conditions in the wet season. This is an indication that the primary biogenic aerosol number source is small when considering the total particle size spectrum. However, size resolved aerosol number fluxes indicated net emission for particles with dry diameter 0.5-2.5 μm in clean conditions. These emission fluxes are likely explained by a primary biogenic aerosol source from the rain forest and seemed to be best correlated with horizontal wind speed, peaking during afternoon. Even though there are few particles in this diameter interval, typically one particle per cm3, they could potentially play an important role as giant nuclei in warm rain initiation. Average particle number based dry deposition velocities over the whole aerosol population were lower at the rain forest site than at the boreal forest site. The reasons are likely the high fraction of accumulation mode particles at the rain forest site and low wind speeds in the tropics compared to the midlatitudes. This thesis provides a relation describing emission of particles with diameter 0.5-2.5 μm from the rain forest, as a function of wind speed. In addition, linear equations relating average dry deposition velocity of the total aerosol number population to friction velocity are suggested for both the wet and dry season at the rain forest site. Finally, this thesis provides a relationship between dry deposition velocity of particles within the diameter range 0.25-0.45 μm, friction velocity and particle diameter.
|
|
| 3. |
- Ahlm, Lars, 1976-, et al.
(författare)
-
Aerosol number fluxes over the Amazon rain forest during the wet season
- 2009
-
Ingår i: Atmospheric Chemistry And Physics. - 1680-7316 .- 1680-7324. ; 9:24, s. 9381-9400
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Number fluxes of particles with diameter larger than 10 nm were measured with the eddy covariance method over the Amazon rain forest during the wet season as part of the LBA (The Large Scale Biosphere Atmosphere Experiment in Amazonia) campaign 2008. The primary goal was to investigate whether sources or sinks dominate the aerosol number flux in the tropical rain forest-atmosphere system. During the measurement campaign, from 12 March to 18 May, 60% of the particle fluxes pointed downward, which is a similar fraction to what has been observed over boreal forests. The net deposition flux prevailed even in the absolute cleanest atmospheric conditions during the campaign and therefore cannot be explained only by deposition of anthropogenic particles. The particle transfer velocity vt increased with increasing friction velocity and the relation is described by the equation vt=2.4×10−3×u* where u* is the friction velocity. Upward particle fluxes often appeared in the morning hours and seem to a large extent to be an effect of entrainment fluxes into a growing mixed layer rather than primary aerosol emission. In general, the number source of primary aerosol particles within the footprint area of the measurements was small, possibly because the measured particle number fluxes reflect mostly particles less than approximately 200 nm. This is an indication that the contribution of primary biogenic aerosol particles to the aerosol population in the Amazon boundary layer may be low in terms of number concentrations. However, the possibility of horizontal variations in primary aerosol emission over the Amazon rain forest cannot be ruled out.
|
|
| 4. |
|
|
