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- Akrawi, Delshad, et al.
(författare)
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End stage renal disease risk and neighbourhood deprivation: A nationwide cohort study in Sweden.
- 2014
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Ingår i: European Journal of Internal Medicine. - : Elsevier BV. - 1879-0828 .- 0953-6205. ; 25:9, s. 853-859
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Chronic kidney disease has been associated with socioeconomic disparities and neighbourhood deprivation. We aimed to determine whether there is an association between neighbourhood deprivation and end stage renal disease (ESRD), and whether this association is independent of individual-level sociodemographic factors and comorbidities.
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| 2. |
- Akrawi, Delshad
(författare)
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Epidemiology of kidney failure and glomerulonephritis in Sweden. Hereditary and non-hereditary factors.
- 2018
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Background: Kidney disease is recognised as an important worldwide health burden. Kidney failure is the result of acute and chronic kidney disease and is associated with morbidity and mortality. Chronic kidney failure is associated with high-costs for society and low quality of life. Kidney failure may progress to end-stage renal disease (ESRD) that requires dialysis or kidney transplantation with associated high costs for society and low quality of life for the patient. Both genetic and socioeconomic factors are increasingly recognised as important for the development of kidney disease. However, the importance of hereditary and socioeconomic factors has not been studied nationwide in a whole country for kidney failure or glomerulonephritis. Aims: The overall aim was to study the association between familial and non-hereditary factors and kidney failure and glomerulonephritis in Sweden. In the first paper, neighbourhood deprivation and ESRD was studied. In the second paper, familial risks of renal failure was determined. In the third paper, familial risks of glomerulonephritis was studied. In the fourth paper, heritability of ESRD was determined among Swedish adoptees.Methods: The thesis is based on nationwide retrospective cohort studies using Swedish registers such as the Multi-generation register and the National patient register (NPR). In the first paper, data were analysed by multilevel logistic regression, with individual-level sociodemographic factors and comorbidities at the first level and neighbourhood deprivation at the second level. In the second and third papers familial relative risks (FRRs) of kidney failure and glomerulonephritis were determined using standardized incidence ratio (SIR). In study IV logistic regression (OR=odds ratio) and tetrachoric correlation and also Falconers regression were used to determine heritability of ESRD among adoptees in Sweden.Results: In paper I, neighbourhood deprivation was modestly associated with ESRD in the full model after adjusting for individual-level sociodemographic factors and comorbidities in men OR=1.17 (95% confidence interval [CI] 1.07–1.27) and in women OR=1.18 (95% CI 1.06–1.31). In paper II the FRR was significantly increased for chronic kidney failure (SIR= 2.02, 95% CI 1.90-2.14) but not for acute kidney failure (SIR=1.08 (95% CI 0.94-1.22) and for unspecified kidney failure, i.e. not specified as acute or chronic (SIR=1.25 (95% CI 0.94–1.63). Males and females had similar FRR for chronic kidney failure, (males SIR=2.04 [95% CI 1.90-2.20] versus females SIR=1.97 [95% CI 1.78-2.17]). The highest FRR was observed for chronic kidney failure among individuals aged 10-19 years (SIR=6.33 [95% CI 4.16-9.22]). In paper III FRR for acute glomerulonephritis was 3.57 (95% CI 2.77-4.53), for chronic glomerulonephritis 3.75 (95% CI 2.85-4.83), and 3.75 (95% CI 2.85-4.83) for unspecified glomerulonephritis, i.e. not specified as acute or chronic. An especially high FRR was observed if two or more relatives were affected (SIR=209.83, 95% 150.51-284.87). In paper IV odds ratio (OR) for ESRD was 6.41 (95% CI 2.96-13.89) in adoptees with a biological parent diagnosed with ESRD. The odds ratio for ESRD was not significantly increased in adoptees with an adoptive parent diagnosed with ESRD (OR=2.40, 95% CI 0.76-7.60). The heritability of ESRD was 59.5 ± 18.2 %.Conclusion: Family history of chronic kidney failure and glomerulonephritis are important risk factors for kidney diseases. Heritability of ESRD is high. Familial factors were not associated with acute kidney failure to any major degree. Genetic factors are indicated to be of importance for the burden of glomerulonephritis and chronic kidney failure and in the Swedish population. In contrast, neighbourhood deprivation is only associated with a modestly increased risk of ESRD.
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| 3. |
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| 4. |
- Akrawi, Delshad Saleh, et al.
(författare)
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Familial risks of glomerulonephritis : a nationwide family study in Sweden
- 2016
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Ingår i: Annals of Medicine. - : Informa UK Limited. - 0785-3890 .- 1365-2060. ; 48:5, s. 313-322
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Objective: Familial risks of glomerulonephritis (acute, chronic and unspecified glomerulonephritis) have not been studied. This study aims to determine the familial risks of glomerulonephritis. Methods: Individuals born from1932 onwards diagnosed with glomerulonephritis (acute [n = 7011], chronic [n = 10,242] and unspecified glomerulonephritis [n = 5762]) were included. The familial risk (Standardized incidence ratio = SIR) was calculated for individuals whose parents/full-siblings were diagnosed with glomerulonephritis compared to those whose parents/full-siblings were not. The procedure was repeated for spouses. Familial concordant risk (same disease in proband and exposed relative) and discordant risk (different disease in proband and exposed relative) of glomerulonephritis were determined. Results: Familial concordant risks (parents/full-sibling history) were: SIR = 3.57 (95% confidence interval, 2.77–4.53) for acute glomerulonephritis, SIR = 3.84 (3.37–4.36) for chronic glomerulonephritis and SIR = 3.75 (2.85–4.83) for unspecified glomerulonephritis. High familial risks were observed if two or more relatives were affected; the SIR was 209.83 (150.51–284.87) in individuals with at least one affected parent as well as one full-sibling. The spouse risk was only moderately increased (SIR = 1.53, 1.33–1.75). Conclusions: Family history of glomerulonephritis is a strong predictor for glomerulonephritis, and is a potentially useful tool in clinical risk assessment. Our data emphasize the contribution of familial factors to the glomerulonephritis burden in the community.Key messagesThe familial risks (full-sibling/parent history) of glomerulonephritis (acute, chronic and unspecified glomerulonephritis) have not been determined previously.The familial risks of glomerulonephritis were increased among individuals with family history of acute, chronic or unspecified glomerulonephritis.The familial risks of glomerulonephritis were slightly increased among spouses indicating a modest non-genetic contribution.Very high familial risks were observed in multiplex families, i.e. with one or more affected first-degree relatives.
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| 5. |
- Akrawi, Delshad Saleh, et al.
(författare)
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Heritability of End-Stage Renal Disease : A Swedish Adoption Study
- 2018
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Ingår i: Nephron. - : S. Karger AG. - 1660-8151 .- 2235-3186. ; 138:2, s. 157-165
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background/Aims: The heritability of end-stage renal disease (ESRD) among adoptees has not been examined so far. By studying adoptees and their biological and adoptive parents, it is possible to differentiate between the genetic causes and environmental causes of familial aggregation. This nationwide study aimed to disentangle the genetic and shared environmental contribution to the familial transmission of ESRD. Methods: We performed a family study for Swedish-born adoptees (born between 1945 until 1995) and their biological and adoptive parents. The Swedish Multi-Generation Register was linked to the National Patient Registry for the period 1964–2012. ESRD was defined as patients in active uremic care, that is, chronic dialysis or kidney transplantation. OR for ESRD was determined for adoptees with an affected biological parent with ESRD compared with adoptees without a biological parent with ESRD. The OR for ESRD was also calculated in adoptees with an adoptive parent with ESRD compared with adoptees with an adoptive parent without ESRD. Moreover, heritability for ESRD was estimated with Falconer’s regression. Results: A total of 111 adoptees, 463 adoptive parents, and 397 biological parents were affected by ESRD. The OR for ESRD was 6.41 in adoptees (95% CI 2.96–13.89) of biological parents diagnosed with ESRD. The OR for ESRD was 2.40 in adoptees (95% CI 0.76–7.60) of adoptive parents diagnosed with ESRD. The heritability of ESRD was 59.5 ± 18.2%. Conclusion: The family history of ESRD in a biological parent is an important risk factor for ESRD. The high heritability indicates that genetic factors play an important role in understanding the etiology of ESRD.
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| 6. |
- Akrawi, Delshad Saleh, et al.
(författare)
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Heritability of glomerulonephritis : A Swedish adoption study
- 2019
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Ingår i: European Journal of Clinical Investigation. - : Wiley. - 0014-2972 .- 1365-2362. ; 49:8
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background: Glomerulonephritis clusters in families. However, infections are common inducers of glomerulonephritis and may also cluster in families. Studies of adoptees and their biological and adoptive parents may disentangle genetic from environmental causes of familial clustering. This is the first adoption study aimed to estimate the genetic contribution to the familial transmission of glomerulonephritis. Materials and methods: We performed a family study for Swedish-born adoptees (born 1945–2000) and their biological and adoptive parents. The Swedish Multi-Generation Register was linked to the Hospital Inpatient Register for the period 1964–2012 and the Hospital Outpatient Register for 2001–2012. Odds ratio (OR) for glomerulonephritis was determined for adoptees with a biological parent with glomerulonephritis compared with adoptees without an affected biological parent. Similarly, the OR for glomerulonephritis was also determined in adoptees with an affected adoptive parent compared with adoptees without an affected adoptive parent. Heritability was estimated to be twice the observed tetrachoric correlation among adoptees and biological parents, under the assumption that only additive genetic factors contribute to the similarity between biological parents and adoptees. Results: The OR for glomerulonephritis was 4.08 in adoptees (95% confidence interval [CI] 1.79-9.27, P-value = 0.001) of biological parents diagnosed with glomerulonephritis. The OR for glomerulonephritis was 1.67 in adoptees (95% CI 0.53-5.26, P-value = 0.380) of adoptive parents diagnosed with glomerulonephritis. The heritability was 48%. Conclusion: Family history of glomerulonephritis in a biological parent is a risk factor for glomerulonephritis. The present study indicates that genetic factors play an important role in the aetiology of glomerulonephritis.
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