| 1. |
- Albertsson, Pontus, et al.
(författare)
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Case study: 128 injured in rollover coach crashes in Sweden - injury outcome, mechanisms and possible effects of seat belts.
- 2006
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Ingår i: Safety Science. - : Elsevier BV. - 0925-7535 .- 1879-1042. ; 44:2, s. 87-109
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The risk for injuries in rollover coach crashes are dependent on whether the occupants are belted or not. However, the influence of the different belt systems for reducing injuries has remained unclear. Since many injuries sustained are caused by impacts with the interior, passenger interactions or ejection through a window, the advantages by proper seat belt systems are evident. In this study, representing the most common serious crash scenario for serious injury, 128 injured in rollover cases were analysed with regard to the injury outcome, mechanisms and the possible injury reduction for occupants when using a safety belt. Furthermore, the different belt systems were compared to explain their contribution to increased safety. Based on medical reports and questioning of the passengers, the injuries sustained are recorded according to the AIS classification. The next step was the identification of the injury mechanisms, using the passenger statements as well as results from numerical occupant simulations. It is important to mention that this study was purely focused on detection of the injury mechanism to avoid the reported injuries. The possibility of additional injuries due to the wearing of a belt were not taken into account. However, the analysis of the 128 injured showed a considerable increase in safety for belted occupants through limiting interior contacts, minimising passenger interaction and reducing the possibility of ejection.
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| 2. |
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| 3. |
- Albertsson, Pontus, et al.
(författare)
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Evaluation of Insight Training of Ambulance Drivers in Sweden Using DART : a New E-learning Tool
- 2011
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Ingår i: Traffic Injury Prevention. - : Taylor & Francis. - 1538-9588 .- 1538-957X. ; 12:6, s. 621-629
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Objective: The aim of the study was to evaluate whether a new e-learning tool for insight training of ambulance drivers can have an effect on drivers’ driving behaviors, perceived driving competence, competence to assess risks, self-reflection, and safety attitudes.Methods: A quasi-experimental study design, with participants nonrandomly assigned into a control and intervention group, was used. The intervention group participated in the insight-training course and the control group did not. Both groups completed a self- and peer assessment online questionnaire before and after the training.Results: The main finding is that the ambulance drivers assessed themselves through the instruments after the training, with the e-learning tool Driver Access Recording Tool (DART), as safer drivers in the areas of speed adaptation, closing up, and overtaking. In the answers from the group-based evaluation, the ambulance drivers responded that they were more reflective/analytical, had increased their risk awareness, and had changed their driving behaviors.Conclusions: After insight training, the ambulance drivers in this study assessed themselves as safer drivers in several important areas, including speed adaptation, closing up, and overtaking. In future training of ambulance drivers there should be more focus on insight training instead of previous training focusing on maneuvering capabilities.
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| 4. |
- Albertsson, Pontus, et al.
(författare)
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Is there a pattern in European bus and coach incidents? : A literature analysis with special focus on injury causation and injury mechanisms
- 2005
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Ingår i: Accident Analysis and Prevention. - : Elsevier BV. - 0001-4575 .- 1879-2057. ; 37:2, s. 225-233
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In order to identify and describe a pattern in bus and coach incident related injuries and fatalities, and to suggest possible future measures for improvement of bus and coach safety, a literature analysis was performed. The results formed a multi-faceted pattern, which briefly can be described as follows; women travelled more frequently by bus as compared to men. Injuries sustained predominantly affected women 60 years of age and older. Of all traffic fatalities in Europe, bus and coach fatalities represented 0.3-0.5%. In the OECD countries, the risk of being killed or seriously injured was found to be seven to nine times lower for bus and coach occupants as compared to those of car occupants. Despite the fact that fatalities were more frequent on rural roads, a vast majority of all bus and coach casualties occurred on urban roads and in dry weather conditions. Boarding and alighting caused about one-third of all injury cases. Collisions were a major injury-contributing factor. Buses and coaches most frequently collided with cars, but unprotected road users were hit in about one-third of all cases of a collision, the point of impact on the bus or the coach being typically frontal or side. Rollovers occurred in almost all cases of severe coach crashes. In this type of crash projection, total ejection, partial ejection, intrusion and smoke inhalation were the main injury mechanisms and among those, ejection being the most dangerous. A 2-point belt may prevent passenger ejection, but in frontal crashes when the upper abdominal parts and the head hit the seatback in front, it could, however, contribute to head and thoracic injuries. Hence, a 3-point belt provides the best restraint in rollovers and frontal crashes.
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| 5. |
- Albertsson, Pontus, et al.
(författare)
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Litteraturöversikt Skadehändelser relaterade till busstrafik : Buss-OLA - en trafiksäker bussfärd
- 2003
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The aim of this literature review was to describe the pattern of injuries and fatalities related to bus traffic. Furthermore, the aim was to identify possible future measurements for improvement of passive safety in buses. Bus crashes were presented in international literature virtually in as many ways as there were articles on the topic. Hence, the authors used the term bus incidents, in order to cover all types of injuries related to bus traffic. In this review only M2 and M3 buses, i.e. buses over 3.5 tonnes were included. In the vast majority of OECD countries, less than 1 % of the vehicle fleet was constituted of buses. Bus passenger's average person kilometres represented 10 % of the total road vehicle person kilometres annually.The number of fatalities and injured in bus incidents have been stable recent years in EU. The fatality risk is ten times lower for bus passengers compared with car occupants. Of all traffic fatalities, bus fatalities represented 0.3-0.5 %. The most frequent injury localisations from all types of bus crashes were lower limb (35 %), upper limb (33 %) and head/face (28 %). Rollovers occurred in almost all cases of severe crashes. Projection, total ejection, partial ejection, intrusion and smoke inhalation were the main injury mechanism. Three major injury groups in severe bus crashes were thoracic injuries, massive injuries and pelvic fractures.Heavy wind seemed to be capable of affecting the bus dynamics, particularly on highly built buses (e.g. as high as 4.3 meters). Unprotected road users were hit by buses in about 1/3 of all cases in Sweden. Side impact was most common for local buses (38 %). Boarding and alighting were contributing to injuries in about 1/3 of all cases. If the coach has more than one section it seems that the upper section is more exposed to risk for injuries than the lower section.Safety belts can improve the passive safety in buses. The 2-point belt prevents passenger ejection but in frontal crashes the jack knife effect could cause head and thoracic injuries. However, the 3- point belt provides the best restraint in rollovers and frontal crashes, as it keeps the passenger remained seated.
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| 6. |
- Albertsson, Pontus, 1958-
(författare)
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Occupant casualties in bus and coach traffic : injury and crash mechanisms
- 2005
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Background: The relevance of conducting this thesis is evident by the fact that bus and coach casualties have been “stubbornly stable” in Europe recent years and a need for investigating if a similar trend could be found in Sweden is therefore obvious. It was also important to add new knowledge to the bus and coach research in Sweden, since many areas were scarcely addressed. Aims: To describe bus and coach occupants’ injuries, crash and injury mechanisms generated in a traffic environment based on data from the medical sector. Additional aims were to investigate the injury reducing effect of a 3-point belt, the effect of cross-winds, and crucial factors in the emergency- and rescue response. Material and methods: Injury data analyses were based on a complete ten-year medical data set from a catchment-area with about 130,000 inhabitants. A number of crash studies with the scope in different crash phases were conducted by applying and elaborating the Haddon matrix as a framework. An additional framework, Protocol for Major Incidents was used in order to investi-gate the emergency- and rescue response to a severe coach crash. Results: Between the first and second five-year period, the incidence of injured in non-crash in-cidents was increased by 24%. In non-crash incidents, 54% were injured; 2/3 while alighting from a bus or coach. The pre-crash factor cross-wind, in addition to vehicle design, vehicle speed and road friction, was investigated in ten crashes. It was confirmed that cross-wind, in relation to vehicle speed and slippery road conditions, needs more attention. The importance of goods load-ing and passengers’ position in the bus, was indicated by the fact that a displacement of the cen-tre of mass rearwards with 10% increased the necessary coefficient of friction with, on average 45%, which in many cases corresponded to dry road conditions. Three Swedish rollover crashes were analysed with regard to the injury outcome, mechanisms and the possible injury reduction for occupants using a safety belt. A considerable increase in safety for occupants belted with 3-point belts was shown through limiting interior contacts, occupant interaction and the possibility of ejection. Crucial post-crash factors in the emergency- and rescue response showed that ordi-nary ways of working and equipment are not always useful and proper equipment for lifting a coach body is essential in the case of a rollover. Finally, the communication between the hospitals is important, and the telephone systems may be overloaded by calls from worried relatives and media. Conclusions: In non-crash events: Non-crash events constitute a majority of all bus and coach casualties with a high proportion of elderly female occupants among the MAIS 2+ injury cases. Boarding and, especially alighting causes many injuries to the lower extremities. In the pre-crash phase: Cross-winds do affect the safety of buses and coaches and requires more at-tention. Seat belt usage among bus and coach occupants has to be increased. In the crash phase: Rollover and ejection are the major causes behind serious and fatal injuries to bus and coach occupants, consequently, retentive glazing, pillars or rails need more attention. An upgrade from 2-point seat belts to 3-point seat belts yields an increase in the estimated injury re-duction from approximately 50% up to 80% for the MAIS 2+ casualties in a rollover crash. In the post-crash phase: In order to be able to lift a coach body proper equipment originated from experience and development is essential in a rescue operation of a crashed bus or coach. Fur-thermore, to improve the emergency response inside crashed coaches proper methods originated from experience need to be developed. Euro NBAP: Based on the results and conclusions generated in this thesis, a European New Bus and Coach Assessment Programme is suggested, which would provide bus and coach occupants with a assessment programme similar to the Euro NCAP.
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| 7. |
- Albertsson, Pontus, et al.
(författare)
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The Haddon matrix, a tool for investigating severe bus and coach crashes
- 2003
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Ingår i: International Journal of Disaster Medicine. - : Informa UK Limited. - 1503-1438 .- 1755-4713 .- 1651-3037. ; 1:2, s. 109-119
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Objective: The aim of the study was to use the Haddon matrix to analyse crash and injury mechanisms in a severe coach crash, to investigate if a safety belt would have reduced injuries, and highlight the triage problem in a mass casualty situation during severe circumstances. Methods: A specific coach crash was chosen as the subject for the case study. All 34 occupants on board were interviewed about the crash, their injuries, and how they sustained their injuries. Medical records concerning ambulance and hospital treatment have been examined. Police reports and other documents concerning the vehicle, weather conditions and the road have been examined. The materials were structured in different cells according to Haddon's matrix. Results: The coach went off a road via a guard-rail and landed on the right side, in a 90° position right across a small river. The main reason for the coach to deviate from the road was strong and gusty side winds imposing lateral forces on the coach, making steering impossible. The impact from the crash was greatest in the front part of the coach, as this part fell 3 metres from the bridge guard-rail down to the river bank. The most frequent injury mechanism was that occupants were hit by other falling occupants. Most occupants would have benefited from having worn seat belts. Ten ambulances and one helicopter from different locations were called upon and the first ambulance arrived 30 minutes after the alarm (a 67-km drive). The helicopter, with an anaesthetist on board, arrived after 1 hour and 20 minutes (a 120-km flight). Nine occupants with moderate injuries and 10 seriously or severely injured occupants were transported by ambulance or helicopter to the hospital. Fifteen occupants, triaged as priority 3, were transported by a chartered coach to hospital where they arrived after about 3 hours. Conclusion: If 100% of the occupants had used a two-point belt, about two-thirds of the injured occupants with MAIS 2+ injuries would have sustained an injury reduction. A further injury reduction by roughly 20% could have been achieved by shifting from two-point belts to three-point belts. Triage of injured occupants could be different from normal practice because of the limited space inside a coach, and the use of ordinary equipment is not always possible inside a crashed vehicle. The fact that most of the side windows remained in position after the crash probably prevented many occupants from serious and fatal injuries caused by ejection or partial ejection.
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| 9. |
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| 10. |
- Backman, Kaj, et al.
(författare)
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Protocol from the coach crash in Ängelsberg, Sweden, January 2003
- 2004
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Ingår i: International Journal of Disaster Medicine. - : Informa UK Limited. - 1503-1438 .- 1755-4713 .- 1651-3037. ; 2:3, s. 93-104
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The crash took place on Friday, 24 January 2003. Due to technical problems, a train was cancelled in Ludvika, a village in central Sweden. A replacement coach was to transport the passengers 115 km to Vsters, via the same route. In darkness, at 4.23 pm, i.e. during working hours, the coach went off the road on a left-hand curve. The driver reduced the speed to 49 km/h before the curve, but lost control of the coach, which skidded off the road, down a high road bank and landed on its right side. The coach's structural damage was mainly located on the right side. Of the 49 occupants, 11 were partially or totally ejected, and 6 were fatally injured. Forty occupants had injuries classified as ISS 1-15, three as ISS 16-30 and six as ISS 41-75. All those in the last group sustained fatal injuries.
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