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- Söderasp, Johanna, 1982-
(författare)
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Law in Integrated and Adaptive Governance of Freshwaters : A Study of the Swedish Implementation of the EU Water Framework Directive
- 2018
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Water is essential for sustaining life and providing ecosystem services for different human needs. In 2000, the European Union Water Framework Directive (WFD) was adopted against the background of increasing pressure on the waters of Europe. With the WFD, a new approach to governing freshwater resources within the Union was introduced, aimed at facilitating a shift from fragmented and sectoral water policies to a more holistic, integrated and adaptive governance system at the hydrological scale of river basins. This thesis has examined the Swedish implementation of the directive, with a primary aim to determine whether the Swedish formal institutional framework and water administration are sufficient to fully implement the freshwater governance model provided by the WFD and achieve the environmental results prescribed. The thesis consists of two main parts, where the first provides the contextual framework for the thesis, and the second part consists of four appended papers, which all in different ways contribute to achieving the overall purpose of the thesis. The thesis is founded on legal analysis and qualitative text interpretation of various sources of law, with emphasis on the analysis of national law in light of the WFD as well as EU legal principles and case law developed by the CJEU.The results show that the Swedish freshwater governance system and formal institutional framework encompasses opportunities as well as barriers for implementing the WFD. The governance arrangements reflect the hydrological requirement of the directive, and the Swedish system holds good opportunities for participation in decision-making procedures as well as adaptive potential, as the general legal framework for environmental and water law contains a relatively high degree of flexibility or adaptable rules.However, when analysing the Swedish freshwater governance system in light of four key functions (objectives and direction; administrative structure; adaptive capacity; and control and enforcement) identified in this study as crucial for the formal institutional framework to deliver in such integrated, adaptive and multi-level governance systems the WFD represents, the results reveal that central aspects of all four key functions are missing in the Swedish system. Due to these shortcomings, the overall conclusion is that no full regime shift towards the hydrological, adaptive and integrated system of the WFD has occurred in Sweden; the system for water planning and governance is not clearly reflected in the formal institutional framework nor sufficiently underpinned by the administrative structure at national level. Ten different proposals are presented to remedy the shortcomings.
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| 2. |
- Allard, Christina, 1971-, et al.
(författare)
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Girjas Reindeer Herding Community v. Sweden : Analysing the Merits of the Girjas Case
- 2021
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Ingår i: Arctic Review on Law and Politics. - Oslo : Cappelen Damm AS. - 1891-6252 .- 2387-4562. ; 12, s. 56-79
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- For the first time in the Swedish Supreme Court, a small Sami reindeer herding community has won an important victory affirming the community’s small game hunting and fishing rights. Because of protracted use and the concept of immemorial prescription, the Court recognised the community’s exclusive hunting and fishing rights, including the right to lease these rights to others. Such leases have long been prohibited by legislation and the State has retained its powers to administer such leases. This case signifies a considerable development in the area of Sami law. In its decision, the Supreme Court made some adjustments to the age-old doctrine of immemorial prescription, and provided insights into how historic evidence should be evaluated when the claimant is an Indigenous people. A common motivator for these adjustments is an enhanced awareness of international standards protecting Indigenous peoples and minorities. Even ILO Convention No. 169 – the only legally binding convention concerning Indigenous rights, but which Sweden has not yet ratified – is relevant when it comes to evaluating Sami customary uses. The Court addressed the problem of gaps in the historical material and used evidence from other parts of Swedish Lapland and adjacent time-periods, making reasonable assumptions to fill in these gaps. The Court imposes on the State the burden of proof regarding the extinguishment of already established Sami rights, as well as proof that extinguishment by legislation or expropriation, is “clear and definitive”. These conditions were not met in this case.
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| 3. |
- Allard, Christina, 1971-, et al.
(författare)
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Girjas sameby mot staten: En analys av Girjasdomen
- 2020
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Ingår i: Svensk Juristtidning. - : Föreningen för utgivande av Svensk Juristtidning. - 0039-6591. ; :5, s. 429-452
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- I januari 2020 avgjorde Högsta domstolen det s.k. Girjasmålet, där rätten att upplåta småviltsjakt och fiske i fjällområdena prövats. Stridigheter om huruvida det är staten eller samebyn som har rätt att göra sådana upplåtelser har pågått i decennier och har inte gått att lösa politiskt. I artikeln analyseras domen och vilka konsekvenser den får; domens längd och komplexitet motiverar en längre rättsfallsanalys. Det konstateras att domen klargör viktiga förhållanden såsom att samiska markrättigheter upparbetats genom urminnes hävd och att ILO:s konvention nr 169 om urfolks rättigheter i delar är bindande även om den inte har ratificerats. Domen innebär att en betydande rättsutveckling skett inom det samerättsliga området.
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| 4. |
- Allard, Christina, 1971-, et al.
(författare)
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Indigenous Influence and Engagement in Mining Permitting in British Columbia, Canada : Lessons for Sweden and Norway?
- 2023
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Ingår i: Environmental Management. - : Springer. - 0364-152X .- 1432-1009. ; 72:1, s. 1-18
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Mine developments in Indigenous territories risk disrupting Indigenous cultures and their economies, including spiraling already high levels of conflict. This is the situation in Canada, Sweden, and Norway, as elsewhere, and is fostered by current state legal framework that reflect historical trajectories, although circumstances are gradually changing. Promising institutional changes have taken place in British Columbia (BC), Canada, with respect to new legislative reforms. Notably, new legislation from 2019 intends to implement the United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples (UNDRIP) in the province, by promoting consent-based and collaborative decision-making mechanisms. New environmental assessment legislation is another example; this legislation includes early engagement, collaborative decision-making, and Indigenous-led assessments. The article’s aim is, first, to analyze how Indigenous communities can influence and engage in the mining permitting system of BC, and, secondly, to highlight the positive features of the BC system using a comparative lens to identify opportunities for Sweden and Norway regarding mining permitting and Indigenous rights. Applying a legal-scientific and comparative analysis, the article analyzes traditional legal sources. The article concludes that the strong points that the BC regime could offer the two Nordic countries are: the concept of reconciliation, incorporation of UNDRIP, the spectrum of consultation and engagement approaches, and the structure of environmental assessments. All three jurisdictions, however, struggle with balancing mine developments and securing Indigenous authority and influence over land uses in their traditional territories.
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| 5. |
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| 6. |
- Allard, Christina, 1971-
(författare)
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Mineralutvinning i norska Sápmi : Beaktandet av samiska rättigheter i tillståndsprocessen och Nussir-gruvan i Finnmark
- 2021
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Ingår i: Nordisk miljörättslig tidskrift. - : Nordisk miljörättslig tidskrift. - 2000-4273. ; 1, s. 7-32
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Mineralutvinning i traditionella samiska områden orsakar markanvändningskonflikter, och tillståndsprocesserna är komplicerade och långdragna. Det gäller i Norge såväl som i Sverige. Samernas status som urfolk och vilka hänsyn som ska tas till samiska intressen och rättigheter vid beslutsprocesserna är något oklara och flera lagar samverkar. Denna artikel syftar till att redogöra för de norskareglerna som avser att skydda samiska intressen och rättigheter i tillståndsprocessen, med huvudfokuspå den norska minerallagen. Artikeln illustrerar även hur reglerna har tillämpats i praktiken genom det kontroversiella gruvprojektet Nussir som 2019 fått grönt ljus för att starta upp gruvdrifti Finnmark, där specifika regler för att skydda samiska intressen gäller vilka avser att genomföra kraven från ILO-konventionen 169 om ursprungsfolkoch stamfolk i självstyrande länder. Reglernastillämpning och Nussir-gruvan diskuteras sedan bl.a. avseende vad som krävs för att gruvbolag ska kunna bedriva verksamhet parallellt med samisk renskötsel. Det visar sig att långtgående villkor kan ställas i förhållande till driftkoncessionen för att en samexistens ska vara möjlig. Även om de berörda renbetesdistrikten menade att anpassningarna av gruvverksamheten inte var tillräckliga – renskötseln är hårt trängd av andra befintligaoch planerade verksamheter i området – indikerar beslutet ändå på vad som är ”acceptabelt” och genomvillkoren institutionaliseras social hållbarhet och de kostnader som detta medför för gruvdrift i Sápmi.
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| 9. |
- Allard, Christina, 1971-
(författare)
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The Rationale for the Duty to Consult Indigenous Peoples : Comparative Reflections from Nordic and Canadian Legal Contexts
- 2018
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Ingår i: Arctic Review on Law and Politics. - : Cappelen Damm AS. - 1891-6252 .- 2387-4562. ; 9, s. 25-43
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Although the standard of consulting Indigenous peoples in decisions affecting them is well rooted internationally as well as in national legal systems, different views and patterns of problems are associated with the concept and its practice. This paper briefly analyses and contrasts the duty to consult Indigenous peoples through a comparison of the three Nordic countries Norway, Finland and Sweden, and Canada. Based on domestic legal sources, the focus of the paper is to explore the legal foundation that has given rise to the specific set of rules for the duty to consult, that is, the rationale behind the evolving of the rules. The first finding is that the rules differ among the three Nordic countries, with Sweden being the only country that lacks specific rules. Secondly, whereas Canada has developed its own duty to consult primarily through domestic case law, in the Nordic countries, duty to consult is related to international law obligations. Consultation duties that have evolved from domestic law may be easier to accept than “foreign” regulations imposed on national legal systems. This could explain the reluctance among the Nordic States to accept specific consultations with the Sami Parliament and other Sami groups, particularly in Sweden.
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