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| 2. |
- Almqvist, Viktor, et al.
(författare)
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Evaluating remote post-mortem veterinary meat inspections on pig carcasses using pre-recorded video material
- 2023
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Ingår i: Acta Veterinaria Scandinavica. - 0044-605X .- 1751-0147. ; 65
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- BackgroundOfficial meat inspections at small-scale slaughterhouses and game-handling establishments in geographically remote areas place a heavy burden on the meat-producing food business operators. By performing meat inspections remotely using live-streamed video, instead of on-site, the official control could meet the goals of sustainability, resilience and logistics. We investigated the agreement between the two approaches at pig slaughter. Two official veterinarians (OVs) inspected 400 pig carcasses at a Swedish slaughterhouse, with each pig being inspected on site by one OV and remotely by the other. After a period of 3 to 6 months, video recordings of the remote inspections were assessed again by the same OVs, thus enabling direct comparisons of previous on-site inspections and renewed video-based inspections within the same OV.ResultsAgreement across 22 finding codes was generally very high for both OVs. In all but one case (whether to fully condemn a carcass), for both OVs, Prevalence-Adjusted Bias-Adjusted kappa was well above 0.8, indicating 'almost perfect agreement'.ConclusionsThis study supports earlier findings that reliable post-mortem inspections can be performed using video, and indicates higher agreement between remote and on-site inspections if the same OV performs both.
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| 4. |
- Almqvist, Viktor, et al.
(författare)
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Reliability of remote post-mortem veterinary meat inspections in pigs using augmented-reality live-stream video software
- 2021
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Ingår i: Food Control. - : Elsevier BV. - 0956-7135 .- 1873-7129. ; 125
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Official meat inspections at remotely situated, small-scale slaughter houses and game handlings establishments fare associated with a relatively high cost of official control per inspected animal. By performing veterinary meat inspections via live-streamed video, this cost could be lowered. We aimed to evaluate how veterinary meat inspections at slaughter can be conducted remotely with the help of a camera-equipped non-veterinary technician on site. Specialized software and augmented reality technology were used. The remote inspection was compared to standard on-site veterinary meat inspection at a large-scale slaughter plant for pigs in Sweden during 2019. The remote and on-site inspectors recorded findings in 400 carcasses and organs arrested for further inspection. The comparison was based primarily on percentage agreement, Cohen?s kappa and prevalence- and bias-adjusted kappa (PABAK) as measures of agreement and reliability. The remote method was shown to display a high level of agreement for clear, easily distinguished findings (e.g. tail lesions, with an agreement of 92.3%, Cohen?s kappa of 0.77 and PABAK of 0.85). For more vague findings and subjective decisions, the performance was slightly lower (e.g. whether or not to condemn a carcass completely, with agreement 75.2%, Cohen?s kappa 0.32 and PABAK 0.50). Remote inspection appears to constitute a viable alternative for post-mortem meat inspection in pigs, given a sufficiently standardized method of inspection and sufficient inspection times. The performance of remote inspection probably depends on which persons use the method.
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| 5. |
- Almqvist, Viktor
(författare)
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Who you gonna call? Examining the possibilities of remote veterinary meat inspection
- 2021
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Doktorsavhandling (refereegranskat)abstract
- Demand for locally produced meat from small-scale slaughterhouses and game-handling facilities brings severe logistical challenges in meat inspection, since such facilities are often situated in rural areas and the costs and time associated with inspection visits to remote establishments are significant. With advances in technology, it might be possible to conduct meat inspections remotely via video link. This thesis aims to determine the performance of remote inspections, both ante mortem and post mortem, where a guided, untrained assistant present at the slaughterhouse relays video and sensory impressions to a veterinarian off-site. Performance was evaluated based on agreement between remote and on-site inspections. As part of this, a practical technological solution, with emphasis on a less-is-more approach, was conceived, assembled and tested in practical use. Comparisons between methods were conducted using Cohen’s kappa-based statistics. On directly comparing findings under 26 different inspection codes or classifications recorded by two veterinarians conducting inspections on 400 carcasses and organs of pigs at a Swedish large-scale slaughterhouse, it was found that the level of agreement between the two methods was generally high, with most findings scoring ‘almost perfect agreement’. When ante mortem inspections were evaluated in a similar way, it was concluded that, due to extremely low prevalence of findings, ante mortem inspections are difficult to perform remotely under current conditions. In conclusion, remote post mortem veterinary inspections appear very promising, but the method needs to be evaluated further.
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| 6. |
- Hultgren, Jan, et al.
(författare)
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Moderniserad köttbesiktning vid slakt och vilthantering
- 2020
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- En metod för veterinärbesiktning vid slakt på distans med hjälp av digital videoöverföring testades. Projektet utfördes på uppdrag av Livsmedelsverket, genomfördes från augusti 2018 till december 2020 och bestod av fem delar: A. Precisera de praktiska och tekniska behoven samt inventera tekniska lösningar och företag, B. Bedöma tillförlitligheten i besiktningen, C. Bedöma de övergripande konsekvenserna för livsmedelssäkerhet, smittskydd och djurskydd, D. Bedöma den tekniska funktionaliteten samt E. Redovisning av resultat. Data samlades av två projektveterinärer från 400 grisar efter slakt (postmortem) och 400 grupper av boxhållna grisar före slakt (antemortem) på ett svenskt slakteri. Såväl post- som antemortem utfördes hälften av inspektionerna med den ena veterinären på plats och de resterande inspektionerna med den andra veterinären på plats. De två veterinärerna gjorde sina inspektioner oberoende av varandra och utan att kommunicera. Distansveterinären hade till sin hjälp en tekniker på plats, försedd med en mobiltelefon med inbyggd kamera och mjukvara för videosamtal med teknik för förstärkt verklighet (augmented reality). Distansveterinären stod i kontinuerlig videokontakt med teknikern. Bedömningar postmortem gjordes efter ordinarie besiktning av officiella assistenter och anhållan av slaktkroppar med organ för utvidgad veterinärbesiktning. För att kunna bedöma den testade metodens tillförlitlighet var ungefär hälften av de anhållna slaktkropparna bedömda av assistenterna som utan anmärkning. Alla bedömningar på distans spelades in och videofilerna sparades för senare analyser. Bedömningar på distans jämfördes med bedömningar på plats genom beräkning av samstämmigheten mellan bedömningsmetoder och veterinärer för olika besiktningsfynd med hjälp av procentuell överensstämmelse, Cohens kappa och ett prevalens- och feljusterat kappamått (PABAK). Nio slumpvis valda officiella veterinärer bedömde dessutom de inspelade videofilerna och samstämmigheten mellan veterinärerna beräknades. Statistiska modeller av sannolikheten för registrering av ett besiktningsfynd, sannolikheten för ett beslut om godkännande eller otjänlighet samt tid för besiktning konstruerades och effekten av bl.a. bedömningsmetod och veterinär skattades. Den tekniska funktionaliteten bedömdes genom iakttagelser vid datainsamlingen, en kvantifiering av nödvändig bandbredd samt mätningar av bandbredd via mobilnätet på tretton befintliga anläggningar. Ett utbrott av Covid-19 påverkade i viss mån datainsamlingen. Projektet visade att tillförlitligheten vid besiktning på distans postmortem med den använda tekniken är ungefär lika god som vid besiktning på plats, att besiktning på distans postmortem inte tycks påverka sannolikheten att registrera förändringar, samt att inga tydliga negativa konsekvenser för livsmedelssäkerhet, smittskydd eller djurskydd kunde påvisas. Besiktning på distans antemortem gick inte att utvärdera fullt ut på grund av materialets begränsade variation. Projektet visade också att effektiv besiktning kan utföras med hjälp av en vanlig mobiltelefon av god kvalitet, monterad på handryggen, att det finns anledning att fortsätta undersöka i vilken omfattning fast uppkoppling mot Internet finns på olika anläggningar, liksom möjligheter att använda mobil uppkoppling, att ungefär 2-3 Mbit/s sannolikt är en tillräcklig bandbredd, att implementering av distansbesiktning på bred basis kräver att en kravspecifikation för den tekniska lösningen upprättas, inklusive krav på säkerhet och videokvalitet, att utveckling av ny mjukvara för distansbesiktning bör övervägas, att konsekvenserna av eventuellt dataintrång sannolikt är ringa, samt att det finns risk för intressekonflikter och partisk bedömning om slakteriföretagets anställda involveras i besiktningsprocessen, även om risken sannolikt kan begränsas.
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| 7. |
- Kautto, Arja, et al.
(författare)
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Remote ante mortem inspection-Possibilities for improved sustainability in low-capacity slaughter
- 2023
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Ingår i: Food Control. - 0956-7135 .- 1873-7129. ; 153
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Official compulsory meat inspections (MI) are performed by official veterinarian (OV) on-site at abattoir. Scarce official control staff and travelling needs in low-capacity enterprises may be challenging and lead to negative effects for food business operators and competent authorities. Technical solutions could contribute to solve some problems and improve environmental sustainability, logistics resilience and working conditions. This study examined the feasibility of remote ante mortem inspection (AMI) in low-capacity abattoir using digital devices and commercial software (FaceTime) and measure the effects on control costs and emission of CO2. A comparison of AMI results performed on-site and remotely, of 1177 animals (786 sheep, 234 cattle, 90 pigs, and 67 goats) during 38 slaughter days 2022 was carried out. In total about 1.8% of the animals had non-compliances at AMI and mostly in cattle (16/234) followed by sheep (4/786) while all included goats and pigs were without noncompliances. All animals were declared fit for slaughter. On-site OVs recorded in total nine of the 20 noncompliances consistent with remote results. Overall agreement was 99.1%, Cohen's kappa 0.617 (0.391, 0.842) and prevalence and bias adjusted kappa (PABAK) 0.981 (0.967, 0.991). The remote veterinarian recorded more non-compliances than OV on-site (McNemar's test, p-value = 0.003). A reduction in driving by control staff reduced the costs and emissions of CO2; 93% and 89%; respectively.The overall agreement between remote and on-site AMI results was good. Inter-rater variability was obviously caused by subjective judgements for certain non-compliances, however food safety and animal health and welfare were not compromised by remote AMI. The use of digital devices to increase the sustainability of MI in low-capacity slaughter located in geographically remote areas can be an important part of the future risk-based meat safety assurance system when supported by a strong food safety culture and trust between competent authorities and food business operators.
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