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- Johansson, Christer, et al.
(författare)
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Impacts of air pollution and health by changing commuting from car to bicycle
- 2017
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Ingår i: Science of the Total Environment. - : Elsevier. - 0048-9697 .- 1879-1026. ; 584-585, s. 55-63
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Our study is based on individual data on people’s home and work addresses, as well as their age, sex and physical capacity, in order to establish realistic bicycle-travel distances. A transport model is used to single out data on commuting preferences in the County Stockholm. Our analysis shows there is a very large potential for reducing emissions and exposure if all car drivers living within a distance corresponding to a maximum of a 30 minute bicycle ride to work would change to commuting by bicycle. It would result in more than 111 000 new cyclists, corresponding to an increase of 209% compared to the current situation.Mean population exposure would be reduced by about 7% for both NOx and black carbon (BC) in the most densely populated area of the inner city of Stockholm. Applying a relative risk for NOx of 8% decrease in all-cause mortality associated with a 10 µg m-3 decrease in NOx, this corresponds to more than 449 (95% CI: 340 - 558) years of life saved annually for the Stockholm county area with 2.1 million inhabitants. This is more than double the effect of the reduced mortality estimated for the introduction of congestion charge in Stockholm in 2006. Using NO2 or BC as indicator of health impacts, we obtain 395 (95% CI: 172 - 617) and 185 (95% CI: 158 - 209) years of life saved for the population, respectively. The calculated exposure of BC and its corresponding impacts on mortality are likely underestimated. With this in mind the estimates using NOx, NO2 and BC show quite similar health impacts considering the 95% confidence intervals.
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- Lövenheim, Boel, et al.
(författare)
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Health risk assessment of reduced air pollution exposure when changing commuting by car to bike
- 2016
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- In this study we have assessed the reduction in traffic emissions and population exposure assuming all potential car commuters would switch to biking if they live within 30 minute travel by bike. The scenario would result in more than 100 000 new bikers and due to the reduced traffic emissions 42 premature deaths would be avoided per year. This is almost twice as large effect as the congestion tax in Stockholm. Introduction Regular physical activity has important and wide-ranging health benefits including reduced risk of chronic disease, and physical inactivity is mentioned as perhaps the most important public health problem of the 21st century. At the same time, the direct effects of traffic emissions is a major health problem. Transferring commuting by car to bike will increase physical activity and reduce emissions and reduce population exposure to traffic pollution. The exposure of commuters will also change; new bikers may get higher exposure whilst old bikers and car drivers may get lower exposures, depending on commuting route and distance. Methodology In this study we have calculated the potential number of car-to-bike switching commuters depending on distance, travel time, age of commuters, etc. We have made calculations for a 30-minute biking scenario, i.e. transferring all car commuters to bike if their travel time by bike is less than or equal to 30 minutes. The commuting distance depends on age and sex. For the travel and traffic modelling the LuTrans model was used. It includes all different modes of travel; walking, bicycling, public transport systems and car traffic. The model was developed based on travel survey data and is regularly calibrated using traffic counts. Emissions from road traffic were calculated based on HBEFA 3.2. A Gaussian dispersion model was used estimate exposures over the county of Stockholm. Results The 30 min scenario resulted in 106 881 more bikers, an increase of 2.6 times compared to base scenario. Of all bikers 50% were men and the mean age of all bikers was 42. The traffic emissions of NOx was reduced by up to 7%. Up to 20% reduction in traffic contribution to NOx concentrations was calculated as shown in Figure 1. The mean reduction in concentration for the whole area is 6% and the largest occur were most people live.The population weighted mean NOx concentration for 1.6 million people in Greater Stockholm is estimated to be reduced by 0.41 μg m-3. Assuming that the premature mortality is reduced by 8% per 10 μg m-3 (Nafstad et al., 2004), this corresponds to 42 avoided premature deaths every year or 514 gained life years gained. This is even somewhat more beneficial than the effects of the congestion charge in Stockholm (Johansson et al., 2009), which was estimated to save 27 premature deaths per year. The gain in reduced mortality is almost as large as the gain in health of the increased physical activity. Conclusions Transferring car commuters to bike is not only beneficial for the physical activity, but will also lead to reduced traffic emissions and reduced population exposure. Our estimates show that it may be even more beneficial for mortality due to air pollution exposure than the congestion charge in Stockholm. Acknowledgement This project was funded by the Swedish Research Council for Health, Working life and Welfare. References Johansson, C., Burman, L., Forsberg, B. 2009. The effects of congestions tax on air quality and health. Atmos. Environ. 43, 4843-4854.Nafstad, P., Lund Håheim, L., Wisloeff, T., Gram, G., Oftedal, B., Holme, I., Hjermann, I. and Leren, P. 2004. Urban Air Pollution and Mortality in a Cohort of Norwegian Men. Environ. Health Perspect. 112, 610-615.
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- Almström, Peter, 1972, et al.
(författare)
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A measure of Overall Worker Efficiency applied at Volvo Cars
- 2017
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Ingår i: PLANs Forsknings- och tillämpningskonferens 2017, Göteborg.
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Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The are many indicators used in industry to measure the performance of the work force. However, there is a lack of theoretical foundation and detailed descriptions of what measures to include and how to measure. Overall Worker Efficiency (OWE) is suggested in this article as a standard indicator to be applicable in all sorts of industries and levels of automation. The name OWE indicates its similarities to OEE (Overall Equipment Effectiveness). The theoretical design is similar, it is the ratio of “value adding” time to the total planned working time. However, there are many difficulties to define what value adding time is and what to include in the planned working time. Several variants of OWE are presented in this article. The selection of variant to be applied for a company should be based on the purpose for the measure. OWE can be used to follow up losses on station or line level, it can be used during a ramp-up phase to follow the number of extra personnel needed, or it can for example be used to monitor the need for support staff such as maintenance or material handling personnel.The OWE measure has been applied and tested at Volvo Cars engine plant in Skövde. That is a suitable test case since the company has a good control of their time bases. OWE requires that the intended cycle time or ideal working time is known and set by an objective method such as a pre-determined time system. In Volvo’s case MTM-SAM (Method Time Measurement – Sequenced-based Analysis Method). Data from the final assembly line was used for the test purpose and a practical work procedure was developed for Volvo.The OWE measure has the potential to be applied in all kinds of manual or semi-automatic production. The precondition is that the available time data has a good quality. The OWE measure can be used together with OEE in semi-automatic work and there will be a trade-off between them in practice where the decision of which one to maximize will depend on the bottle-necks and whether for example total cost or minimum lead-time is most important.
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| 7. |
- Almström, Peter, 1972, et al.
(författare)
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Achieving Sustainable Production through Increased Utilization of Production Resources
- 2011
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Ingår i: Proceedings of the 4th Swedish Production Symposium, SPS11, Lund, May 3-5, 2011. ; , s. 398-406
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- There seems to be a quite divergent view on sustainable production, mainly based on the perspective applied. From a global perspective, every kind of material consumption and growth is basically unwanted and should be minimized. This reflects in economic sustainability parameters that point towards producing as little as possible and socialparameters pointing at eliminating abuse of human rights etc. On the other hand, international summits on sustainability have stated that it is a human right to have a certain standard of living, which implies increase in production but with less resource consumption. This global perspective is however not very helpful when focusing on more local level, for example Swedish manufacturing industry. To achieve a long-term jobsecurity the manufacturing companies need to be long-term prosperous. Further, to be able to maintain profitability levels, manufacturing companies need to continuouslyincrease productivity. Utilization deals with using production equipment in a cost efficient way and this article will highlight how utilization affects different aspects of sustainable production, the link between utilization and productivity, as well as practical considerations when improving utilization in manufacturing industry.
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| 8. |
- Almström, Peter, 1972
(författare)
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Arbetsmätning
- 2015
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Ingår i: Karlebo Handbok, redaktörer: S. Björklund, G. Gustafsson, L. Hågeryd, B. Rundqvist. - 9789147115006 ; , s. 686-695
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Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)
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