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| 2. |
- Klionsky, Daniel J., et al.
(författare)
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Guidelines for the use and interpretation of assays for monitoring autophagy
- 2012
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Ingår i: Autophagy. - : Informa UK Limited. - 1554-8635 .- 1554-8627. ; 8:4, s. 445-544
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- In 2008 we published the first set of guidelines for standardizing research in autophagy. Since then, research on this topic has continued to accelerate, and many new scientists have entered the field. Our knowledge base and relevant new technologies have also been expanding. Accordingly, it is important to update these guidelines for monitoring autophagy in different organisms. Various reviews have described the range of assays that have been used for this purpose. Nevertheless, there continues to be confusion regarding acceptable methods to measure autophagy, especially in multicellular eukaryotes. A key point that needs to be emphasized is that there is a difference between measurements that monitor the numbers or volume of autophagic elements (e.g., autophagosomes or autolysosomes) at any stage of the autophagic process vs. those that measure flux through the autophagy pathway (i.e., the complete process); thus, a block in macroautophagy that results in autophagosome accumulation needs to be differentiated from stimuli that result in increased autophagic activity, defined as increased autophagy induction coupled with increased delivery to, and degradation within, lysosomes (in most higher eukaryotes and some protists such as Dictyostelium) or the vacuole (in plants and fungi). In other words, it is especially important that investigators new to the field understand that the appearance of more autophagosomes does not necessarily equate with more autophagy. In fact, in many cases, autophagosomes accumulate because of a block in trafficking to lysosomes without a concomitant change in autophagosome biogenesis, whereas an increase in autolysosomes may reflect a reduction in degradative activity. Here, we present a set of guidelines for the selection and interpretation of methods for use by investigators who aim to examine macroautophagy and related processes, as well as for reviewers who need to provide realistic and reasonable critiques of papers that are focused on these processes. These guidelines are not meant to be a formulaic set of rules, because the appropriate assays depend in part on the question being asked and the system being used. In addition, we emphasize that no individual assay is guaranteed to be the most appropriate one in every situation, and we strongly recommend the use of multiple assays to monitor autophagy. In these guidelines, we consider these various methods of assessing autophagy and what information can, or cannot, be obtained from them. Finally, by discussing the merits and limits of particular autophagy assays, we hope to encourage technical innovation in the field.
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| 3. |
- Amano, Tatsuya, et al.
(författare)
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Transforming Practice : Checklists for Delivering Change
- 2022
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Ingår i: Transforming Conservation : A Practical Guide to Evidence and Decision Making - A Practical Guide to Evidence and Decision Making. - 9781800648562 - 9781800648586 ; , s. 367-386
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Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Delivering a revolution in evidence use requires a cultural change across society. For a wide range of groups (practitioners, knowledge brokers, organisations, organisational leaders, policy makers, funders, researchers, journal publishers, the wider conservation community, educators, writers, and journalists), options are described to facilitate a change in practice, and a series of downloadable checklists is provided.
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| 4. |
- Sutherland, William J., et al.
(författare)
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Presenting Conclusions from Assessed Evidence
- 2022
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Ingår i: Transforming Conservation : A Practical Guide to Evidence and Decision Making - A Practical Guide to Evidence and Decision Making. - 9781800648562 - 9781800648586 ; , s. 95-132
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Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Applying evidence builds on the conclusions of the assessment of the evidence. The aim of the chapter is to describe a range of ways of summarising and visualising different types of evidence so that it can be used in various decision-making processes. Evidence can also be presented as part of evidence capture sheets, argument maps, mind maps, theories of change, Bayesian networks or evidence restatements.
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| 5. |
- Arnaudov, B, et al.
(författare)
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Energy position of near-band-edge emission spectra of InN epitaxial layers with different doping levels
- 2004
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Ingår i: Physical Review B. Condensed Matter and Materials Physics. - 1098-0121 .- 1550-235X. ; 69:11
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We studied the shape and energy position of near-band-edge photoluminescence spectra of InN epitaxial layers with different doping levels. We found that the experimental spectra of InN layers with moderate doping level can be nicely interpreted in the frames of the "free-to-bound" recombination model in degenerate semiconductors. For carrier concentrations above n>5x10(18) cm(-3) the emission spectra can also be modeled satisfactorily, but a contribution due to a pushing up of nonequilibrium holes over the thermal delocalization level in the valence band tails should be considered in the model. The emission spectra of samples with low doping level were instead explained as a recombination from the bottom of the conduction band to a shallow acceptor assuming the same value of the acceptor binding energy estimated from the spectra of highly doped samples. Analyzing the shape and energy position of the free-electron recombination spectra we determined the carrier concentrations responsible for the emissions and found that the fundamental band gap energy of InN is E-g=692+/-2 meV for an effective mass at the conduction-band minimum m(n0)=0.042m(0).
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| 6. |
- Arnaudov, B., et al.
(författare)
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Free-to-bound radiative recombination in highly conducting InN epitaxial layers
- 2004
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Ingår i: Superlattices and Microstructures. - : Elsevier BV. - 0749-6036 .- 1096-3677. ; 36:4-6, s. 563-571
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We present a theoretical simulation of near-band-edge emission spectra of highly conducting n-InN assuming the model of 'free-to-bound' radiative recombination (FBRR) of degenerate electrons from the conduction band with nonequilibrium holes located in the valence band tails. We also study experimental photoluminescence (PL) spectra of highly conducting InN epitaxial layers grown by MBE and MOVPE with electron concentrations in the range (7.7 × 1017-6 × 1018) cm-3 and find that the energy positions and shape of the spectra depend on the impurity concentration. By modeling the experimental PL spectra of the InN layers we show that spectra can be nicely interpreted in the framework of the FBRR model with specific peculiarities for different doping levels. Analyzing simultaneously the shape and energy position of the InN emission spectra we determine the fundamental bandgap energy of InN to vary between Eg = 692 meV for effective mass mn0 = 0.042m0 and Eg =710 meV for mn0 = 0.1m0. © 2004 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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| 7. |
- Chen, Weimin, 1959-, et al.
(författare)
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Optical and Microwave Double Resonance of III-nitrides
- 1999
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Ingår i: Joint International Meeting the 196th Meeting of The Electrochemical Society ECS and the 1999 Fall Meeting of The Electrochemical Society of Japan ECSJ,1999. ; , s. 764-
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Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
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| 8. |
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| 9. |
- Esmaeili, M, et al.
(författare)
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Experimental and theoretical investigations of optical properties of GaN/AlGaN MQW nanostructures. Impact of built-in polarization fields
- 2009
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Ingår i: OPTO-ELECTRONICS REVIEW. - : Polish Academy of Sciences Chancellery. - 1230-3402 .- 1896-3757. ; 17:4, s. 293-299
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We report the results from detailed optical spectroscopy from MOCVD grown GaN/AlGaN multiple quantum wells (MQWs), as opposed to most previous studies where MBE was employed by means of photoluminescence (PL) technique. In this paper we will present theoretical and experimental results demonstrating how polarization induced electric fields and bound interface charges in GaN/AlGaN MQWs affect the emission peak energy, PL line shape, as well as the emission line width. Theoretically estimated fields in this work are consistent with experimental data. Transition energy of the heavy hole and electron ground state Ee-hh in GaN/AlGaN MQWs were calculated and it is found that it stays in good agreement with the experimental data.
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| 10. |
- Haratizadeh, H, et al.
(författare)
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Effects of Si doping position on the emission energy and recombination dynamics of GaN/AlGaN multiple quantum wells
- 2006
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Ingår i: Physica Status Solidi (a) applications and materials science. - : Wiley. - 1862-6300 .- 1862-6319. ; 203:1, s. 149-153
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We report results from detailed optical spectroscopy from MOCVD grown GaN/Al0.07Ga0.93N multiple quantum wells (MQWs). Effects of Si doping position on the emission energy and recombination dynamics were studied by means of photoluminescence (PL) and time-resolved PL measurements. The samples were Si doped with the same level but different position of the dopant layer. Only the sample doped in the well shows the MQW emission redshifted compare to the GaN bandgap. The redshift is attributed to the self-energy shift of the electron states due to the correlated motion of the electrons exposed to the fluctuating potential of the donor ions. At low temperature the PL decay time of the sample doped in the well by a factor of two is longer than for the barrier doped case. The difference is explained by the effect of interplay of free carriers and ions on the screening of the polarization field in these doped structures.
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